Universität zu Köln

Daubner, Johanna, Arshaad, Muhammad Imran, Henseler, Christina, Hescheler, Jurgen, Ehninger, Dan, Broich, Karl, Rawashdeh, Oliver, Papazoglou, Anna and Weiergraber, Marco (2021). Pharmacological Neuroenhancement: Current Aspects of Categorization, Epidemiology, Pharmacology, Drug Development, Ethics, and Future Perspectives. Neural. Plast., 2021. LONDON: HINDAWI LTD. ISSN 1687-5443

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Abstract

Recent pharmacoepidemiologic studies suggest that pharmacological neuroenhancement (pNE) and mood enhancement are globally expanding phenomena with distinctly different regional characteristics. Sociocultural and regulatory aspects, as well as health policies, play a central role in addition to medical care and prescription practices. The users mainly display self-involved motivations related to cognitive enhancement, emotional stability, and adaptivity. Natural stimulants, as well as drugs, represent substance abuse groups. The latter comprise purines, methylxanthines, phenylethylamines, modafinil, nootropics, antidepressants but also benzodiazepines, beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, and cannabis. Predominant pharmacodynamic target structures of these substances are the noradrenergic/dopaminergic and cholinergic receptor/transporter systems. Further targets comprise adenosine, serotonin, and glutamate receptors. Meta-analyses of randomized-controlled studies in healthy individuals show no or very limited verifiability of positive effects of pNE on attention, vigilance, learning, and memory. Only some members of the substance abuse groups, i.e., phenylethylamines and modafinil, display positive effects on attention and vigilance that are comparable to caffeinated drinks. However, the development of new antidementia drugs will increase the availability and the potential abuse of pNE. Social education, restrictive regulatory measures, and consistent medical prescription practices are essential to restrict the phenomenon of neuroenhancement with its social, medical, and ethical implications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the highly dynamic field of pharmacological neuroenhancement and elaborates the dramatic challenges for the medical, sociocultural, and ethical fundaments of society.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Creators:	Creators Email ORCID ORCID Put Code Daubner, Johanna UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Arshaad, Muhammad Imran UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Henseler, Christina UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Hescheler, Jurgen UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Ehninger, Dan UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Broich, Karl UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Rawashdeh, Oliver UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Papazoglou, Anna UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Weiergraber, Marco UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED
URN:	urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-584578
DOI:	10.1155/2021/8823383
Journal or Publication Title:	Neural. Plast.
Volume:	2021
Date:	2021
Publisher:	HINDAWI LTD
Place of Publication:	LONDON
ISSN:	1687-5443
Language:	English
Faculty:	Unspecified
Divisions:	Unspecified
Subjects:	no entry
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Keywords Language ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER; DEFICIT-HYPERACTIVITY-DISORDER; PRESCRIPTION STIMULANT USE; GINKGO-BILOBA EXTRACT; POTENTIALLY INAPPROPRIATE MEDICATIONS; ILLICIT METHYLPHENIDATE USE; NONMEDICAL USE; COLLEGE-STUDENTS; COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE Multiple languages Neurosciences Multiple languages
URI:	http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/58457