Schönefuß, Alexander (2012). Role of melanoma-derived ADAM-9 for invasion and metastasis of melanoma. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
The protein ADAM-9 (A disintegrin and metalloprotease-9) belongs to the family of the ADAM proteases, which are type I transmembrane proteins and are unique among transmembrane proteins as they exhibit protease as well as adhesive functions. The ADAM proteases are involved in ectodomain shedding of membrane-bound molecules as well as in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. In human melanoma ADAM-9 is located at the tumor-stroma border in the stromal cells, but also in the melanoma cells. The aim of this work was to find out the function of ADAM-9, produced by the melanoma cells, for the development and invasion of melanoma. In vitro experiments, in which high invasive melanoma cells with stable down-regulation of ADAM-9 mediated via shRNA were used, showed that silencing of ADAM-9 slightly increased melanoma cell proliferation and remarkably reduced basement membrane penetration in an in vivo like invasion system. The reduced invasion through the basement membrane might be due to decreased adhesion to the basement membrane, as the ADAM-9 down-regulated cells exhibited significantly reduced adhesion towards type IV collagen and matrigel. Additionally it was found that the laminin β3-chain, which is a component of the basement membrane protein laminin 332, was cleaved by ADAM-9 in the N-terminal region. This work further confirmed that extracellular IL-1α down-regulates ADAM-9 expression in melanoma cells, which is mediated via a JNK dependent pathway and showed that in melanoma cells intracellularly active IL-1α controls constitutive expression levels of ADAM-9 via the involvement of ERK. Despite the activity of IL-1α as regulator of ADAM-9 expression, also indirubins, which are anti-cancer drugs, were identified as molecules down-regulating ADAM-9 expression in high invasive melanoma cells, but not in fibroblasts. To analyze if ADAM-9 also influences melanoma development and invasion in vivo, HGF/CDKR24C/R24C animals, which spontaneously develop melanomas as well as upon DMBA treatment, were crossbred with ADAM-9-/- mice. This strategy enabled to investigate melanoma development and progression in the absence of ADAM-9 in stromal as well as in the tumor cells. The created Adam-9mutated/ko (Adam-9-/-//Hgf/Cdk4R24C/R24C) animals developed more tumors compared to control (Adam-9+/+//Hgf/Cdk4R24C/R24C) mice at week four after DMBA treatment, whereas from week six onwards the Adam-9mutated/ko animals exhibited a reduced tumor number. This finding it most likely attributed to a differential proliferation of the tumor cells at both analyzed time-points. Interestingly lung metastases formation was significantly reduced in the Adam-9mutated/ko mice. This might be attributed to an impaired extravasation generated by a decreased adhesion of ADAM-9 deficient melanoma cells to endothelial cells, because it could be shown that ADAM-9 down-regulated melanoma cells exhibited a significantly reduced adhesion towards endothelial cells. Additionally the intravasation might also be reduced indicated by immunohistochemical stainings for laminin β3-chain. This staining was confined to the basement membrane zone and appeared continuous in the tumors obtained from the Adam-9mutated/ko animals, whereas in the control animals the basement membrane appeared destructed and discontinuous. This indicates that in the absence of ADAM-9 break down of the basement membrane by the melanoma cells might be reduced resulting in decreased intravasation. To summarize the in vitro and in vivo data, melanoma-derived ADAM-9 is involved in basement penetration and melanoma metastases formation in the lungs. The obtained data suggest that ADAM-9 can contribute to lung metastases formation by facilitating basement membrane penetration and mediating adhesion of melanoma cells to endothelial cells.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-48579 | ||||||||
Date: | 3 May 2012 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Institute for Genetics | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 18 June 2012 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/4857 |
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