Willkomm, Lena (2014). The Effects of Lactate on Skeletal Muscle. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Regular exercise and physical activity are cornerstones in the prevention and treatment of numerous chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and age-related sarcopenia. The associated health benefits arise from a number of tissues but due to its high plasticity skeletal muscle plays a pivotal role. The resident stem cells of skeletal muscle tissue, so called Satellite cells (SCs), contribute significantly to skeletal muscle adaptation and hence, maintenance of healthy tissue. The specific stimuli regulating SC development, i.e. activation, proliferation, an differentiation, depend on the form of exercise and consist of hormonal, mechanical, and metabolic signals. While hormonal and mechanical factors have been well documented, the importance of metabolic stimuli such as Lactate (La) remains less clear. La is produced continuously under aerobic conditions, but elevated levels occur during exercise when glycolysis is increased. La is able to induce muscle adaptation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet understood. Therefore, one aim of this study was to identify the phenotypical effects of high La levels as observed during resistance or high intensity endurance training on the proliferation and differentiation in a model of activated SCs, C2C12 cells. Furthermore, possible signalling targets for La, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and subsequent histone modifications were investigated. Lastly, to confirm the observed mechanisms in vivo, a human intervention study was conducted. Treatment with La (10 mM, 20 mM) increased the serum deprivation-induced withdrawal from the cell cycle and initiated early differentiation in C2C12 cells as analysis of gene expression and protein patterns of cell cycle (Ki67, Trp53, and Cdkn1a) and differentiation markers (Pax7, Myf5, myogenin, and myosin heavy chain) revealed. However, La delays late differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. La-induced production of ROS, marked by high 8-epi-PGF2α levels, might at least be partly responsible as the effects induced by La were reversible by the addition of the antioxidants ascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, or linolenic acid. Observed downregulation of p38 MAPK activation and its downstream modifications histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) trimethylation suggests that La inhibits late differentiation progress by this mechanism which is crucial for muscle specific gene transcription. Experiments using the p38 specific inhibitor SB203580 add further evidence for this hypothesis. Additionally, it was demonstrated that diminished p38 MAPK activation and subsequent histone modifications are conserved in differentiated muscle tissue in vivo. Conclusively, the reported data confirm that La modifies skeletal muscle adaptation via a ROS-sensitive signalling network by delaying late differentiation of SCs, an important mechanism of skeletal muscle adaptation. This conclusion implies reassessment of traditional views on training design and periodisation in order to accelerate skeletal muscle adaptation.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-55806 | ||||||||
Date: | May 2014 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin | ||||||||
Subjects: | Life sciences Medical sciences Medicine Athletic and outdoor sports and games |
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Date of oral exam: | 25 March 2014 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/5580 |
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