Hindersmann, Iris (2013). Trace elements in floodplain soils - effects of redox conditions on the mobility of trace elements and volatilization of mercury. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
|
PDF
Promotion_Iris_Hindersmann.pdf - Accepted Version Download (129MB) |
Abstract
Purpose. Floodplains are characterized by periodic flooding and their soils can contain high concentrations of trace elements. The flooding events lead to varying oxygen contents in the soil. This is accompanied with varying redox conditions that are expressed by strongly fluc-tuating redox potentials. This study investigated the influence of flooding events on the mobilization of the trace elements arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony, and zinc, as well as the volatilization of mercury in laboratory experiments. Material and methods. Multi-contaminated floodplain soils from the Elbe River in Lower Saxony, Germany, and the Wupper River in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, were used for the experiments. The first type of experiment was a microcosm experiment. Soil suspensions were held at fixed redox conditions in these experiments. In the first experiment we investigated the influence of oxidizing (oxygen predominant), weakly reducing (tri- and tetravalent manganese reduction), and moderately reducing (trivalent iron reduction) conditions at three temperatures (7, 15, and 25 °C) on the solubility of ten trace elements. Soil suspensions were sam-pled at different intervals and analyzed for trace elements and accompanying parameters (iron, bivalent iron, manganese, chloride, sulfate, and dissolved organic carbon). In the second experiment we investigated the distribution of mercury among the solid, dissolved, and gaseous phases under moderately reducing (trivalent iron reduction) and strongly reducing (hexavalent sulfur reduction) conditions. The degassed mercury was trapped in tubes filled with activated carbon in order to determine the total mercury volatilized. On every third day soil suspensions were sampled, filtered, and analyzed for dissolved and solid mercury. The mercury in the three different phases was analyzed with a direct mercury analyzer (DMA-80, MLS, Germany). The other type of experiment was the soil column experiment with undisturbed soil cores from the topsoil at the Elbe River. Soil columns were incubated at 20 °C with various soil moisture contents (water-saturated for two weeks, 95 and 90% water content for one week each) and the redox potential was recorded. The gaseous mercury that accumulated in the headspace of the flux chamber of the columns was pumped over cooled traps filled with adsorber material and analyzed by gas chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the various mercury species. Results. In the microcosm experiments the solubility of the trace elements was low under oxidizing conditions. Reductive dissolution of manganese oxides under weakly reducing conditions was accompanied by a release of cobalt and molybdenum. Reductive dissolution of iron oxides (and of remaining manganese oxides) under moderately reducing conditions also led to a release of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and lead, whereas copper and zinc were hardly affected. Antimony revealed different behavior, because after an initial increase a continuous decrease in its concentration was observed soon after the onset of weakly reducing conditions. This could be attributed to the fact that the antimony species changed to a strongly bound species. We conclude that soil temperature should be considered as a master variable when distinguishing between weakly and moderately reducing soil conditions. It is also necessary to keep element specific behavior in mind when dealing with the effects of redox conditions on trace element solubility in soils. In the second microcosm experiment the dissolution of mercury was highest at the beginning of the experiment and then decreased rapidly. This resulted from the dissolved mercury being reduced to the gaseous species (elemental mercury), which then could evaporate. Mercury volatilization reached its maximum around day 20 and then strongly decreased. Overall, during the course of the experiment only small amounts of mercury were dissolved; hence, only small amounts could volatize. This resulted from the strong binding of mercury in this soil, as revealed by sequential fractionation. In the column experiments watering the soil resulted in a rapid decrease in the redox potential and the achievement of strongly reducing conditions (redox potential < –100 mV). Mercury concentrations in the pore water decreased continuously from 68.3 µg L–1 mercury in the beginning to 5.78 µg L–1 mercury at the end of the experiment. Species analyses revealed that only elemental mercury became volatile. The volatilization rate of mercury was between 1.73 and 824 ng m–2 h–1, which is consistent with other studies at the Elbe River site. Conclusions. Lowering the redox potential in all experiments resulted mostly in increased solubility of the trace elements. However, the reactions of the trace elements were element specific. For mercury the increasing solubility under reducing redox conditions led to increased volatilization of mercury, because dissolved mercury in soil solutions can be reduced to gaseous mercury species.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
Translated abstract: |
|
||||||||
Creators: |
|
||||||||
URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-57860 | ||||||||
Date: | 2013 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Geographisches Institut | ||||||||
Subjects: | Earth sciences Geography and travel |
||||||||
Uncontrolled Keywords: |
|
||||||||
Date of oral exam: | 22 January 2014 | ||||||||
Referee: |
|
||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/5786 |
Downloads
Downloads per month over past year
Export
Actions (login required)
View Item |