Papen, Michael von (2014). Turbulence in Saturn's Magnetosphere and Forward Modeling of Reduced Spectra from Three-Dimensional Wave Vector Space. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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- Turbulence in Saturn's Magnetosphere and Forward Modeling of Reduced Spectra from Three-Dimensional Wave Vector Space. (deposited 23 Oct 2014 13:01) [Currently Displayed]
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Abstract
In the first part of this thesis, we analyze the statistical properties of magnetic field fluctuations measured by the Cassini spacecraft inside Saturn's magnetosphere. We introduce Saturn's magnetosphere as a new laboratory for plasma turbulence, where the background magnetic field is strong (5\,$nT$\,\leq B_0\leq75\,$nT), fluctuations are weak ($\left<\delta B/B\right>=0.07$) and the ion plasma $\beta_i$ is smaller than one. We conduct a case study of the second orbit of Cassini and find the statistics of the fluctuations on MHD scales to be characterized by large scale non-stationary processes. The spectral index on these scales varies between $0.8$ and $1.7$. At higher frequencies, we observe a steeper spectrum with nearly constant power-law exponent. A spectral break on ion scales separates the two frequency ranges. We carry out a statistical study of the high frequency, kinetic range, fluctuations using the first seven orbits of Cassini. To account for the changing plasma conditions in the magnetosphere, we use power spectral densities transformed to wave number space normalized to ion scales. At radial distances greater than $9\,R_\mathrm{s}$, we observe an average slope of $2.6$ on kinetic scales, but closer to Saturn the spectral indices tend to get shallower. Within error limits, these results are in accordance with a critically balanced cascade of kinetic Alfv\'en waves. Probability density functions of the fluctuations have increasingly non-Gaussian tails with increasing frequency. The flatness grows with frequency like a power-law indicating intermittency and formation of coherent structures. We show that the dissipation of magnetic field fluctuations has important implications for Saturn's magnetosphere. We estimate the total energy flux along the turbulent cascade as $140{-}160\,$GW, which is ultimately dissipated as heat. For Saturn's magnetosphere, this turbulent heating mechanism is introduced for the first time. It provides energy on the same order of magnitude as needed to explain the large plasma temperatures measured at Saturn. In an extended data set of $42$ orbits, we further analyze the local time and longitude asymmetries. We observe significantly stronger fluctuations in the pre-noon sector of the outer magnetosphere and the midnight sector close to the planet. The spectral energy and the turbulent heating rate are enhanced in a longitude range that coincides with regions of denser plasma. In the second part of this thesis, we present a numerical model to evaluate one-dimensional reduced power spectral densities from arbitrary energy distributions in wave vector space. We assume axisymmetry and approximate the poloidal fluctuations to be passively cascaded by Alfv\'enic fluctuations. The diagonal elements of the spectral tensor can be calculated separately and we are able to analyze the implications of the measurement geometry. Based on a critically balanced turbulent cascade, we construct an energy distribution in three dimensional $\mathbf{k}$-space from MHD to electron scales. We investigate the power spectra in detail and focus on the spectral slope as a function of field-to-flow angle $\theta$ and of outer scale. We show for the first time that critically balanced turbulence develops toward a $\theta$-independent cascade with a quasi-perpendicular spectral slope. This occurs at a frequency $f_\mathrm{max}$, which is analytically estimated and is controlled by the outer scale, the critical balance exponent and the field-to-flow angle. We also discuss anisotropic damping terms acting on the $\mathbf{k}$-space distribution of energy and their effects on the PSD. Here, the dominating parameter is the electron temperature, which controls the onset of damping. We calculate synthetic spectra for given measurement geometries and plasma parameters in the solar wind and compare them to recent observations that are interpreted in terms of a critically balanced turbulent cascade. A qualitatively successful reproduction of the observations indicates that the results are indeed in agreement with a critically balanced cascade of (kinetic) Alfv\'en waves. However, we find that the addition of a damping term is substantial to obtain a smooth transition of spectral slopes from small to large field-to-flow angles. In order to corroborate our interpretation of turbulence at Saturn, we model magnetospheric power spectral densities using data presented in the first part of this thesis. We qualitatively reproduce the location of the spectral break and the spectral slopes on MHD and kinetic scales for a selected spectrum discussed in the case study. Further, we model the observed radial distribution of spectral indices and find that damping on scales of the hot electrons might explain the shallower spectral slopes inside $9\,R_\mathrm{s}$. These results indicate that the energy transferred along the turbulent cascade is predominantly deposited into the hot electron population.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-58021 | ||||||||
Date: | 18 August 2014 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology | ||||||||
Subjects: | Physics Earth sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 13 October 2014 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/5803 |
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