Fallmann, Joachim (2014). Numerical simulations to assess the effect of urban heat island mitigation strategies on regional air quality. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Work in this thesis demonstrates a numerical modelling approach to analyse the effect of urban planning strategies on the urban heat island (UHI) intensity and further the feedback on the chemical composition of the urban atmosphere. The urban area of Stuttgart acts as test bed for the modelling. The mesoscale chemical transport model WRF-Chem is used to investigate the effect of these urban heat island mitigation strategies on the surface concentration of primary (CO, NO, PM10) and secondary pollutants (O3). Known mitigation strategies such as bright roofs and façades, urban greening and modification of the building density are in the focus. All these measures are able to reduce the urban temperature and thus mitigate urban heat island intensity. Model results reveal that the most efficient way to cool down urban areas is the increase in the surface reflectivity. Changing the building albedo in the model from 0.2 to 0.7, lead to a reduction of the urban heat island by about 2 °C. The effect of urban greening and decreased building density is less. The mitigation strategies which have been mentioned before promote changes in energetic and radiative properties of urban surfaces modifying the chemical nature of the urban atmosphere with regard to both primary and secondary compounds. A temperature reduction of 1 °C leads to an increase of NO and CO by 5-25 %, whereas the mean ozone concentration is projected to decrease by 5-8 %. Reduced temperature on the surface and in the urban canopy layer influences the dynamical structure of the atmosphere, which leads to a reduction in turbulent mixing. The depth of the mixing layer is decreased accordingly. As a result, an increase of the near surface concentration of primary compounds is projected. Additionally, temperature directly controls the reactivity of chemical reactions, which explains the reduction of ozone concentration. It has to be pointed out however, that different measures can generate secondary effects. The increased portion of short wave radiation due to a reflexion from white roofs for instance can promote photochemical reactions, leading to an increase of peak ozone levels although temperature has been reduced. The additional emission of biogenic compounds coming along with urban greening is not covered in this work. The main result of this work indicates the dominating role of atmospheric dynamics when analysing the impacts of urban heat island mitigation strategies on urban air quality. Whereas in earlier studies the main effort had been put on the positive effect of temperature dependent reduction of urban ozone concentration, this work analyses a complete air chemistry, being able to show negative effects on primary compounds like CO, NO and PM10 as well.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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Corporate Contributors: | KIT - Karlsruhe Insitute of Technology - Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU) | ||||||||
URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-59138 | ||||||||
Date: | 24 September 2014 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Earth sciences Civic and landscape art Geography and travel |
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Date of oral exam: | 27 November 2014 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/5913 |
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