Universität zu Köln

Moscadelli, L., Beuther, H., Ahmadi, A., Gieser, C., Massi, F., Cesaroni, R., Sanchez-Monge, A., Bacciotti, F., Beltran, M. T., Csengeri, T., Galvan-Madrid, R., Henning, Th., Klaassen, P. D., Kuiper, R., Leurini, S., Longmore, S. N., Maud, L. T., Moeller, T., Palau, A., Peters, T., Pudritz, R. E., Sanna, A., Semenov, D., Urquhart, J. S., Winters, J. M. and Zinnecker, H. (2021). Multi-scale view of star formation in IRAS 21078+5211: from clump fragmentation to disk wind. Astron. Astrophys., 647. LES ULIS CEDEX A: EDP SCIENCES S A. ISSN 1432-0746

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Abstract

Context. Star formation (SF) is a multi-scale process in which the mode of fragmentation of the collapsing clump on scales of 0.1-1 pc determines the mass reservoir and affects the accretion process of the individual protostars on scales of 10-100 au. Aims. We want to investigate the nearby (located at 1.63 +/- 0.05 kpc) high-mass star-forming region IRAS 21078+5211 at linear scales from similar to 1 pc down to similar to 10 au. Methods. We combine the data of two recent programs: the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array large project CORE and the Protostellar Outflows at the EarliesT Stages (POETS) survey. The former provides images of the 1 mm dust continuum and molecular line emissions with a linear resolution of approximate to 600 au covering a field of view up to approximate to 0.5 pc. The latter targets the ionized gas and 22 GHz water masers, mapping linear scales from a few 10(3) au down to a few astronomical units. Results. In IRAS 21078+5211, a highly fragmented cluster (size similar to 0.1 pc) of molecular cores is observed, located at the density peak of an elongated (size similar to 1 pc) molecular cloud. A small (approximate to -1 km s(-1) per 0.1 pc) LSR velocity (V-LSR) gradient is detected across the major axis of the molecular cloud. Assuming we are observing a mass flow from the harboring cloud to the cluster, we derive a mass infall rate of approximate to 10(-4) M-circle dot yr(-1). The most massive cores (labeled 1, 2, and 3) are found at the center of the cluster, and these are the only ones that present a signature of protostellar activity in terms of emission from high-excitation molecular lines or a molecular outflow. The masses of the young stellar objects (YSOs) inside these three cores are estimated in the range 1-6 M-circle dot. We reveal an extended (size similar to 0.1 pc), bipolar collimated molecular outflow emerging from core 1. We believe this is powered by the compact (size <= 1000 au) radio jet discovered in the POETS survey, ejected by a YSO embedded in core 1 (named YSO-1), since the molecular outflow and the radio jet are almost parallel and have a comparable momentum rate. By means of high-excitation lines, we find a large (approximate to 14 km s(-1) over 500 au) V-LSR gradient at the position of YSO-1, oriented approximately perpendicular to the radio jet. Assuming this is an edge-on, rotating disk and fitting a Keplerian rotation pattern, we determine the YSO-1 mass to be 5.6 +/- 2.0 M-circle dot. The water masers observed in the POETS survey emerge within 100-300 au from YSO-1 and are unique tracers of the jet kinematics. Their three-dimensional (3D) velocity pattern reveals that the gas flows along, and rotates about, the jet axis. We show that the 3D maser velocities are fully consistent with the magneto-centrifugal disk-wind models predicting a cylindrical rotating jet. Under this hypothesis, we determine the jet radius to be approximate to 16 au and the corresponding launching radius and terminal velocity to be approximate to 2.2 au and approximate to 200 km s(-1), respectively. Conclusions. Complementing high-angular resolution, centimeter and millimeter interferometric observations in thermal tracers with Very Long Baseline Interferometry of molecular masers, is invaluable in studying high-mass SF. The combination of these two datasets allows us to connect the events that we see at large scales, as clump fragmentation and mass flows, with the physical processes identified at small scales, specifically, accretion and ejection in disk-jet systems.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Creators:	Creators Email ORCID ORCID Put Code Moscadelli, L. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Beuther, H. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Ahmadi, A. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Gieser, C. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Massi, F. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Cesaroni, R. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Sanchez-Monge, A. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Bacciotti, F. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Beltran, M. T. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Csengeri, T. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Galvan-Madrid, R. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Henning, Th. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Klaassen, P. D. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Kuiper, R. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Leurini, S. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Longmore, S. N. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Maud, L. T. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Moeller, T. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Palau, A. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Peters, T. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Pudritz, R. E. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Sanna, A. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Semenov, D. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Urquhart, J. S. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Winters, J. M. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Zinnecker, H. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED
URN:	urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-603896
DOI:	10.1051/0004-6361/202039837
Journal or Publication Title:	Astron. Astrophys.
Volume:	647
Date:	2021
Publisher:	EDP SCIENCES S A
Place of Publication:	LES ULIS CEDEX A
ISSN:	1432-0746
Language:	English
Faculty:	Unspecified
Divisions:	Unspecified
Subjects:	no entry
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Keywords Language MSX SOURCE SURVEY; PROTOSTELLAR OUTFLOWS; TRIGONOMETRIC PARALLAXES; MOLECULAR-SPECTROSCOPY; COLOGNE DATABASE; MAGNETIC-FIELDS; MASSIVE STARS; ALMA SURVEY; HI-GAL; JET Multiple languages Astronomy & Astrophysics Multiple languages
URI:	http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/60389