Francois, Jean-Pierre (2014). Postglacial paleoenvironmental history of the Southern Patagonian Fjords at 53°S. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Southern Patagonia (50°-56°S) is as key region for paleoenvironmental studies, in particular, for addressing fundamental paleoclimatic and paleoecological questions. This is due to a number of physical and biotic characteristics of the region: (i) its location allows to examine and reconstruct changes of the Southern Westerly Wind (SWW) belt, (ii) the presence of the Andes, which intercepts the flux of the SWWs creating a strong orographic precipitation gradient on a west-east axis, and (iii) consequently the development and succession of distinct ecosystems along this gradient. This thesis aims to investigate the vegetational history of Southern Patagonia through space and time and assess the various physical parameters that shaped these environments. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the modern vegetation and pollen rain in the Fjords at 53°S was undertaken. Additionally, a new paleoenvironmental record was acquired from the Tamar Lake (52°54’S; 73°48’W) and was analyzed using geochemistry and pollen analysis. Lastly, the Tamar and other regional paleorecords located along a west-east transect at 53°S were compared using multivariate analyses (PCA, DCCA, rarefaction) in order to develop a comprehensible postglacial history of S. Patagonian ecosystems. The main vegetation types (i.e. Magellanic Moorland, Evergreen forest, Deciduous forest and Patagonian Steppe) occurring along this west-east transect are clearly identified in the modern pollen rain. Redundancy analysis suggests that modern pollen spectra from the different ecosystems are closely linked with the precipitation and temperature gradient occurring at 53°S. The pollen record from Tamar covering the last 16,000, indicates the development of a heath and grassland between 16 – 13.6 kyr BP, followed by the spread of scrublands and Nothofagus woodlands after 13.6 kyr BP, suggesting a shift from cold/dry to a more warm/wet climate. The Holocene is characterized by a succession of distinctive forest types, which begins with the development of Nothofagus forests (~11.8 – 8.5 kyr BP), followed by Nothofagus-Drimys forests (~10.3 – 6.2 kyr BP), and culminating in mixed temperate evergreen forests (~6.2 kyr BP to present). These changes in vegetation suggest a shift in the intensity of the SWWs and in temperature during the postglacial, accounting for a windy/warm early Holocene. Mass wasting events, well-developed soils and dense vegetation are characteristic for this period. Finally, the findings from the paleoecological reconstruction along Southern Patagonia, reveal substantial differences in the vegetation history (i.e. compositional changes, turnover and palynological richness) of the ecosystems located west and east of the Andes during the postglacial. The response of the ecosystems to environmental forcing (climatic and non-climatic) differs significantly along this transect. This study reveals the complex interplay between abiotic and biotic factors (e.g. temperature, precipitation, soil development, species competition) in the evolution of the ecosystems of Southern Patagonia over time. The ecosystems respond sensitively to environmental (climatic and non-climatic) forcing, but differ significantly in their resilience depending on intrinsic characteristics. In light of increasing anthropogenic impact and ongoing climate change, these findings offer important insights in the evolution of regional ecosystems that could be used in planning conservation projects.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-60612 | ||||||||
Date: | 5 May 2014 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Geographisches Institut | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Earth sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 7 July 2014 | ||||||||
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Funders: | DAAD-CONICYT Stipendium (07-DOCDAAD-08) | ||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/6061 |
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