Hasenstab, Eric ORCID: 0000-0002-7688-6659 (2022). Long- and short-lived radiogenic isotope constraints on the history of the early Earth and the Moon. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
The only known habitable planet is the Earth. As geological processes are what led to Earth's habitability, understanding Earth’s geodynamic evolution is of crucial importance. However, the geodynamic processes of the early Earth, during the Hadean (>4.0Ga), remain enigmatic. This is a consequence of Earth’s accessible rock record beginning as late as in the Eoarchean, more than 500 Ma after Earth has accreted. Unraveling Earth’s earliest processes therefore requires indirect methods such as isotope systematics. Variations in the isotope composition of short-lived decay systems such as 129I-129Xe, 146Sm-142Nd, or 182Hf-182W have provided strong evidence that substantial geodynamic processes on Earth (e.g. silicate differentiation) already operated during the Hadean. Constraints on Hadean geodynamics are further corroborated by long-lived 176Lu-176Hf and 147Sm-143Nd isotope systematics that support a complex and active history for the infant Earth. Evidence for such a vigorous early planetary evolution is found not only on Earth but also on our closest neighbor, the Moon. Although lunar research has shown that Earth and Moon must be closely related in terms of the material from which it accreted, it remains highly debated if these planetary bodies are chondritic or not. This study investigates the differentiation history of the Earth-Moon system. In three chapters, we report the isotope compositions of various long- and short-lived decay series for 3.53 to 2.63 Ga Archean rocks from the Pilbara Craton (138La-138Ce, 147-143Nd and 176Lu- 176Hf, Chapter I), ~3.8 to 2.0 Ga rocks from SW Greenland (147,146Sm-143,142Nd and 176Lu- 176Hf, Chapter II) and 4.4 to 3.1 Ga lunar rocks (138La-138Ce and 147Sm-143Nd, Chapter III). In rocks from the Pilbara Craton, Ce-Nd-Hf isotope compositions are strongly coupled and yield correlations that are similar to those observed in modern mantle-derived rocks. However, a few ultramafic rocks reveal decoupled Hf-Nd isotope compositions, where extremely high εHf(i) values but only moderately elevated ε143Nd(i) values are observed. This decoupling stands in contrast to the previously observed decoupling of Hf-Nd isotopes in Isua rocks from SW Greenland, where ε143Nd(i) scatters variable and εHf(i) being moderately elevated. In order to better constrain the origin of this decoupling we have conducted trace element and Hf-Nd-(Ce) isotope modelling. For both studied Archean localities, we were able to exclude a perovskite-related origin within a magma ocean, since sequestered perovskite cumulates would severely fractionate incompatible trace element compositions (REE, HFSE Th and Ti) (Chapter I and Chapter II). Rather, the decoupling of Hf-Nd isotopes in the Pilbara Craton is formed by the admixture of garnet-depleted melt residues into the ascending mantle plume that have a high potential to fractionate the 176Lu-176Hf from 147Sm-143Nd systematics. In contrast, in the Isua region enriched slab melts were likely responsible for the observed decoupling of Hf-Nd isotopes. Further, we have developed a new analytical tool to separate and measure mass independent and radiogenic isotopes at ultra-high precision on a Thermo Finnigan Neptune Plus® MC ICP-MS device (Chapter II). We applied our new analytical protocol to well-characterized ~3.8 to ~3.4 Ga rocks from the Isua supracrustal belt. Our observed 142Nd/144Nd compositions of Isua rocks yield excellent agreement with previously reported literature data, validating our analytical protocol. Notably, our study is the first to resolve small 142Nd/144Nd differences between ~3.8 and ~3.7 Ga rocks from the Isua greenstone belt. Generally, we see a decrease of μ142Nd anomalies between ~3.8 to ~3.4 Ga that can be interpreted to reflect replenishing lower mantle (i.e., bulk silicate Earth material) that carried no μ142Nd anomalies. To better characterize the composition of the Earth-Moon system, we investigated 147Sm-143Nd and 138La-138Ce isotope systematics as well as trace element characteristics of lunar rocks (Chapter III). Generally, all uncertainty-propagated Ce-Nd isotope best fit arrays do not intersect the chondritic value, arguing for a non-chondritic composition of the Moon. Combined trace element and Hf-Nd-Ce isotope modelling, including coupled 176Lu-176Hf- 147Sm-143Nd systematics from existing literature data, reveals that the Moon must be depleted in its incompatible trace element composition. However, the degree of depletion must be significantly smaller than inferred in previous models. In a next step, we compare Ce-Nd isotope compositions of near-contemporaneous 3.3±0.25 Ga lunar and terrestrial rocks from the Pilbara (Chapter I) and Kaapvaal Craton. Our study reveals that the Archean terrestrial rock record also does not intersect the chondritic value. Instead, the lunar and terrestrial array share a common intersection that is indistinguishable from our modelled one. We take this as evidence that not only the Moon but also Earth must be slightly depleted. These findings have far-reaching consequences and require a revaluation of depleted and primitive mantle domains and their mass balances in terrestrial crustal and mantle reservoirs.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-630697 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Date: | 29 April 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Institute of Geology and Mineralog | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Generalities, Science Natural sciences and mathematics Physics Chemistry and allied sciences Earth sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 29 April 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/63069 |
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