Hurtado, Norma (2015). Optics and Cryogenics for the 1.1 THz Heterodyne Array Receiver for the APEX Telescope. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
PDF
final.pdf - Published Version Bereitstellung unter der CC-Lizenz: Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives. Download (74MB) |
Abstract
This thesis is about the development of the optics and the cryogenics for the 1.1 THz Heterodyne Array Receiver to be mounted in the Nasmyth A cabin of the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope. The THz range is a still largely unexplored area in astrophysics because of the technological challenge for the receiver and telescope as well as the difficult atmospheric conditions. The APEX telescope, a modified Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) prototype antenna, with its 12 m dish is the largest submillimeter single-dish telescope in the world for THz frequencies, allowing a spatial resolution of few arcseconds, due to its location on the Chajnantor plateau, at 5100 m altitude in the chilean Andes, and its surface accuracy of 17 micro meter r.m.s. Observations in the 1.1 THz atmospheric window (1000 - 1080 GHz) from the ground have difficulties, but are still possible and productively usable if done with APEX. These difficulties, in addition to the fact that single pixel sensitivity is constrained by the quantum limit, make even more important the development of array receivers in this frequency band. Several important molecular transitions are located in this frequency range, observing them with high spectral resolution (> 10^6) will improve our understanding of the chemical and physical conditions in hot cores in the galactic Interstellar Medium (ISM) and, especially, in starburst galaxies and active galactic nuclei of external galaxies. The CO 9-8 line at 1036.9 GHz is a tracer for the warm and dense gas. OH+ at 1033 GHz and NH+ at 1012.6 GHz are important for the study of chemical networks in the ISM. These observations will contribute decisively to answer questions such as ``How do galaxies form and evolve?'' and ``How do stars form?''. The 1.1 THz Array Receiver is a cartridge-type receiver because of the several benefits that this concept provides which was first introduced for the ALMA receivers. It mainly means that several individual receivers, or cartridges, share one main cryostat. Among the benefits that this modularity provides is the fact that each cartridge can be assembled and maintained independently to the cryostat, reducing observing downtime at the telescope. The receiver could optionally be upgraded, in the future, with different mixer technology, operation frequency and number of pixels. Two easily removable cartridges were designed and built, each containing one sub-array of 9 pixels, organized in a 3x3 arrangement, observing the same frequency in orthogonal polarizations. The detecting elements will be Superconductor-Isolator-Superconductor (SIS) balance mixers which required an operation temperature below 4.5 K for their optimum performance. They are being developed in our institute and are not part of this thesis. However, their requirements are important inputs for the design of the cryogenics and the optics of the receiver. A cryostat that can house both cartridge modules and that provides the infrastructure together with the necessary low cryogenic temperature to the mixers was developed. To connect the cartridges to the cryostat thermally and mechanically we developed a new all-metal Thermal Link (TL). It consists of a crown-like ring made of aluminum and an Invar ring. All the receiver optics is fully reflective, thus avoiding the absorption and reflection losses of dielectric lenses and reducing standing waves in the receiver. To guarantee internal optics alignment, we employ, where possible, a monolithic integrated optics approach. The optics that is installed inside the cryostat and the cryogenics were built, mostly in our workshop, and assembled to be tested in the laboratory. Beam measurements of the optics were performed, in direct-detection mode, with our in house available single-ended Superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) mixers. The provided temperature to both focal plane arrays was 4.4 K, in the latest tests, largely sufficient for the HEB mixers which operation temperature was around 6.5 K. The results of the optics tests have shown some misalignment inside of the cryostat. The source of the problem is most probably due to the cartridges positioning and not to the optics itself, but additional tests are needed. One of the two optics assemblies involved was tested individually and shows good results.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
Translated abstract: |
|
||||||||
Creators: |
|
||||||||
URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-64721 | ||||||||
Date: | 7 December 2015 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institute of Physics I | ||||||||
Subjects: | Physics Technology (Applied sciences) |
||||||||
Uncontrolled Keywords: |
|
||||||||
Date of oral exam: | 23 June 2015 | ||||||||
Referee: |
|
||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/6472 |
Downloads
Downloads per month over past year
Export
Actions (login required)
View Item |