Hinojosa Prieto, Hector Roberto (2016). Local Site Effects in Archaeoseismology: Examples from the Mycenaean Citadels of Tiryns and Midea (Argive Basin, Peloponnese, Greece). PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
The archaeological community has gained knowledge on how to document and diagnose damage by earthquake shaking to ancient man-made structures and how to estimate the intensity of past earthquakes, but has paid little attention to local site effects and its implications for the dynamic response of those structures. Qualitative studies of damage by earthquakes to ancient constructions surpass the amount of research on local site effects in the archaeoseismological literature. Yet, archaeoseismic observations are often based on a limited part of the mesoseismal area, on loosely constrained dated events, and sometimes on ambiguous evidence of earthquake damage. This mix of factors may lead to imprecise estimates of the size of past earthquakes and/or unrealistic earthquake environmental impacts if local site effects are ignored or over/undervalued. Hence, it is important not to rely solely on intensities based on archaeologically documented coseismic damage without a quantitative estimate of local site effects. The present multidisciplinary study focuses on the Mycenaean citadels of Tiryns and Midea located in the Argive Basin (Peloponnese, Greece). The study is a key contribution to archaeoseismology because it provides a quantitative and deterministic method for estimating ancient local site effects and seismic hazard at an archaeological site. The proposed method permits the calculation of site-specific ground-motions, which are transformable into intensity values. The method requires input from archaeological, geoarchaeological, geophysical, geological, geotechnical, and historical studies. The over-or-underestimation of local site effects is minimized by removing accrued soils younger than the ancient walking horizon of interest. The method is applicable to archaeological sites worldwide with clear or unclear evidence of ancient earthquake damage, is scalable to any area size, and can help to decide on the location of new excavations targeting earthquake damage. The estimation of local site effects is carried out by computing synthetic seismograms for a reference rock-site located at each citadel, which are then used to accelerate regolith models for calculating surface amplifications factors and related ground-motions. Earthquake source parameters of the hypothetical earthquakes are constrained from a seismotectonic model of the area. This study shows how to estimate ancient local site effects to test the Mycenaean earthquake hypothesis, which is based solely on archaeological and geomorphological field observations. The hypothesis suggests repeated earthquake damage to the Cyclopean fortification walls and enclosed buildings of Tiryns, Midea, and Mycenae during the end of the Late Bronze Age (LBA). The hypothesis has lacked evidence of written records of ancient earthquakes and of a town-wide devastation pattern; has left unexplained the strength and location of the potential causative earthquake(s); and has ignored the impact of local site effects. The results of the present study reveal new findings: the Tiryns and Midea citadels settled on weathered hard limestone while the outer constructions settled on cohesive-or-granular soils with variable shear strength and seismic site class categories corresponding to a lower and higher seismic hazard, respectively. Data from two field campaigns during the project coupled with available upfront information from the geophysical, geological, and geotechnical literature and developed subsurface models show that the LBA ground conditions outside the fortification walls had a higher hazard than inside the walls, but archaeological findings do not reflect this. Active seismic sources at a distance greater than 40 km play a minor role. Local seismic sources in the Argolis are however critical, but are not confirmed seismically active. These findings weaken the plausibility of the Mycenaean earthquake hypothesis for Tiryns and Midea.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-66506 | ||||||||
Date: | 9 March 2016 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Institute of Geology and Mineralog | ||||||||
Subjects: | Earth sciences | ||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 18 January 2015 | ||||||||
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Funders: | Fritz Thyssen Foundation (Az. 10.11.2.39), Gerda Henkel Foundation (AZ 25/F/11) | ||||||||
Projects: | HERACLES Project | ||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/6650 |
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