Universität zu Köln

Peil, Jennifer, Bock, Felix, Kiefer, Friedemann ORCID: 0000-0002-3002-8237, Schmidt, Rebecca, Heindl, Ludwig M., Cursiefen, Claus and Schlereth, Simona L. (2022). New Therapeutic Approaches for Conjunctival Melanoma-What We Know So Far and Where Therapy Is Potentially Heading: Focus on Lymphatic Vessels and Dendritic Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23 (3). BASEL: MDPI. ISSN 1422-0067

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Abstract

Conjunctival melanoma (CM) accounts for 5% of all ocular melanomas and arises from malignantly transformed melanocytes in the conjunctival epithelium. Current therapies using surgical excision in combination with chemo- or cryotherapy still have high rates for recurrences and metastatic disease. Lately, novel signal transduction-targeted and immune checkpoint inhibitors like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) receptor inhibitors, BRAF- or MEK-inhibitors for systemic treatment of melanoma have improved the outcome even for unresectable cutaneous melanoma, improving patient survival dramatically. The use of these therapies is now also recommended for CM; however, the immunological background of CM is barely known, underlining the need for research to better understand the immunological basics when treating CM patients with immunomodulatory therapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors activate tumor defense by interrupting inhibitory interactions between tumor cells and T lymphocytes at the so-called checkpoints. The tumor cells exploit these inhibitory targets on T-cells that are usually used by dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are antigen-presenting cells at the forefront of immune response induction. They contribute to immune tolerance and immune defense but in the case of tumor development, immune tolerance is often prevalent. Enhancing the immune response via DCs, interfering with the lymphatic pathways during immune cell migration and tumor development and specifically targeting tumor cells is a major therapeutic opportunity for many tumor entities including CM. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the function of lymphatic vessels in tumor growth and immune cell transport and continues to compare DC subsets in CM with related melanomas, such as cutaneous melanoma and mucosal melanoma.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Creators:	Creators Email ORCID ORCID Put Code Peil, Jennifer UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Bock, Felix UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Kiefer, Friedemann UNSPECIFIED orcid.org/0000-0002-3002-8237 UNSPECIFIED Schmidt, Rebecca UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Heindl, Ludwig M. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Cursiefen, Claus UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Schlereth, Simona L. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED
URN:	urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-677354
DOI:	10.3390/ijms23031478
Journal or Publication Title:	Int. J. Mol. Sci.
Volume:	23
Number:	3
Date:	2022
Publisher:	MDPI
Place of Publication:	BASEL
ISSN:	1422-0067
Language:	English
Faculty:	Unspecified
Divisions:	Unspecified
Subjects:	no entry
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Keywords Language TERT PROMOTER MUTATIONS; TUMOR-ASSOCIATED LYMPHANGIOGENESIS; PRIMARY MALIGNANT MELANOMAS; ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH-FACTOR; BRAF MUTATIONS; LANGERHANS CELLS; OCULAR MELANOMA; T-CELLS; METASTATIC MELANOMA; CUTANEOUS MELANOMA Multiple languages Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary Multiple languages
URI:	http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/67735