Seeliger, Martin (2016). Elaia, the maritime harbour city of ancient Pergamon (Turkey) – Coastal evolution and human impact over the past eight millennia. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
During Hellenistic and Roman times, Elaia, the harbour city of ancient Pergamon, was an important place of trade and traffic at the western coast of Asia Minor. Intense military and mercantile activities are documented by literary sources and archaeological evidences. This dissertation focuses on (I) the reconstruction of shoreline displacements; (II) the detection of sea-level fluctuations; (III) the usability and history of the three harbour sites; and (IV) the investigation of human impact on the environment since mid-Holocene times in the environs of Pergamon’s so-called “maritime satellite” Elaia. The geo-bio-archives of the area were studied using terrestrial and semi-aquatic vibracorings and geophysical exploration. Investigated sites were measured by Differential GPS. The sediments were examined using sedimentological, micropalaeontological and geochemical methods. Palynological and archaeobotanical analyses provided evidence for the former vegetation. Robust chronostratigraphies were established using radiocarbon (14C) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating as well as archaeological dating of artefacts. The postglacial marine transgression drowned the later settled shores of the Bay of Elaia 5500 BC, reaching its maximum ca. 1 km inland around 1500 BC. Since 850 BC, increasing settlement activities in the area led to accelerated hinterland erosion, sedimentation and a seaward shift in the shoreline. The time of the Pergamenian occupation (250 BC–AD 180) is documented by intense building activities and an increased population, which is also visible in the palynolgical record. During its prime, Elaia operated three harbours: the closed harbour, the open harbour and a beach harbour. The construction of the closed harbour basin was determined by a series of interdisciplinary methods to 246–215 BC. Estimations of the water depths in the closed harbour basin (~2.5 m in Hellenistic times) and the open harbour area (~1 m in Hellenistic times) led to the conclusion that the closed harbour basin could be exploited by common ship classes until AD 150. Shortly afterwards, increased siltation led to its abandonment. The closed harbour basin, which shows no signs of dredging activities, acted as a favourable sink for human waste, as evidenced by eggs of parasites, enhanced heavy-metal concentration and debris of craftsmanship. The first detection of the Black Sea dinocyst species Peridinium ponticum in the Mediterranean Sea documents traffic relations with the Black-Sea region. This is supported by archaeological finds of coins, seals and ceramics originating from abroad. Water depth in the open harbour area in front of the ship sheds was insufficient to anchor larger vessels. Thus, the ships were slipped to the ship sheds. The beach harbour in the eastern district of the city of Elaia acted as an area where foreign soldiers and merchants beached their ships and put up their camps. For the first time, a reliable regional sea-level (RSL) curve for a continental site on the Turkish Aegean coast was established using a new type of reliable sea-level index point. The curve correlates well with actual RSL curves of the nearby Aegean region; it is also in good agreement with sea-level curves derived from glacio-hydro-isostatic models. Five stages of human impact are evident over the past eight millennia. The natural vegetation (deciduous oak forests) existed before ca. 850 BC. It is followed by a degradation period caused by increased settlement activities and lumbering until around 250 BC. During Elaia’s most flourishing time, ca. 250 BC–AD 180, the human impact is on its maximum, documented by a significant vegetation change, the occurrence of human parasites, debris of craftsmanship, higher heavy metal concentrations, economic relations and intense construction activity. The siltation of the harbours in addition to the declining political importance of the city from late Roman times onwards led to its abandonment. Thus, the human impact on the environment decreased up to around AD 800. Since those days, the absence of human impact led to a new natural vegetation: pines. The climax vegetation of the period before 850 BC never re-established. To sum up, this PhD thesis is a valuable example of an interdisciplinary cooperation, focused on solving the questions dealing with shoreline displacements, sea-level studies, coastal evolution, hazards and ancient harbour research in an archaeological context.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-68980 | ||||||||
Date: | 29 June 2016 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Geographisches Institut | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Earth sciences Geography and history Geography and travel |
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Date of oral exam: | 29 June 2016 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/6898 |
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