Müller, Fabienne ORCID: 0000-0002-5845-6305 (2023). Oncogenic KRAS renders cells resistant to ferroptosis by upregulating FSP1. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
RAS genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes across human cancers and mutations in RAS lead to malignant transformation, tumor initiation and tumor maintenance. Mutant KRAS is the most common and most aggressive isoform and occurs in the deadliest cancers worldwide. One key feature of oncogenic KRAS expression is the upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moderate ROS levels activate several cancer cell progressions and promote cellular transformation, whereas increased ROS levels result in cell death. The exact mechanism how cells with elevated ROS levels due to oncogenic KRAS expression escape cell death remains still unknown. Here, we identified in an isogenic cellular system that expression of oncogenic KRAS compared to wild type renders cells more resistant to ferroptosis, a recently recognized form of regulated cell death. In this study, we found that KRAS-G12D-expressing cells exhibit basal higher general and lipid ROS levels and are protected from lipid peroxidation upon ferroptosis induction. Moreover, our study revealed that KRAS-mutant cells increase ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1) expression to protect cells from lipid peroxidation. In particular, we discovered that FSP1 is upregulated upon NRF2 activation. Additionally, we ascertained that FSP1 is enhanced as a consequence of KRAS mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Strikingly, for the first time we showed that elevated FSP1 expression in KRAS-WT cells in vitro promotes cellular transformation in soft agar assays and spheroid growth in spheroid assays. Furthermore, our study revealed that FSP1 overexpression in KRAS-WT tumors accelerates tumor onset - in the absence of oncogenic KRAS-G12D - in vivo. Additionally, this study demonstrated that only pharmacological induction of ferroptosis in combination with FSP1 inhibition decreases pancreatic organoids derived from LsL-KRAS-G12D expressing mouse models. Interestingly, we determined that in cancer types with high KRAS mutational frequencies such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) FSP1 expression is increased compared to the respective original tissue. Moreover, FSP1 upregulation correlates with NRF2 expression in PDAC patient datasets. Taken together, our work contributes to the understanding of oncogenic KRAS induced ferroptosis resistance and FSP1 regulated ferroptosis protection. Hence, we propose that KRAS mutant cells upregulate FSP1 to overcome ferroptosis during cellular transformation and tumor establishment. Therefore, we suggest considering FSP1 suppression in combination with ferroptosis inhibition as a clinical therapy option to treat cancer patients harboring a KRAS-mutation.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-705908 | ||||||||||||||||||
Date: | 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | CECAD - Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases | ||||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Life sciences Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 13 February 2023 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/70590 |
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