Hoellmer (neé Kramer), Joana Anna ORCID: 0009-0003-3011-0454 (2023). Magnetohydrodynamic Processes and Polarized Emission in AGN Jets. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) stand out as some of the most powerful entities in the universe. At their core lies a supermassive black hole (SMBH) with a mass ranging up to several billion times the mass of the Sun, surrounded by an accretion disk that feeds the system. As matter falls toward the black hole, a portion of it is expelled perpendicularly to the accretion disk, forming what we call jets. These relativistic flows are highly collimated and can travel enormous distances up to kiloparsecs away from the central engine. The radiation emitted by AGN jets display significant features in structure across the electromagnetic spectrum and in polarized emission, reflecting changes in intrinsic parameters, such as the magnetic field and the rest-mass density. It is essential to understand how magnetic properties of the relativistic plasma impact the morphology of polarized synchrotron emission in jets. In order to study this, it is necessary to compare numerical simulations to the observed structure of the polarized radio signal in relativistic jets and to uncover the nature of the underlying physics. To investigate the structural behaviour of polarized AGN jets, I employ a numer- ical laboratory using a three-dimensional relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) module within the PLUTO code. I study how non-thermal synchrotron radiation, re- sulting from relativistic electrons spiraling around magnetic field lines, is affected by three primary factors: first, the implementation of various magnetic field morphologies, such as purely poloidal, helical, and purely toroidal; second, the application of differ- ent electron scaling relations to map non-thermal physics from the thermal parameters calculated in each simulation; and third, the requirement for a jet tracer to exclude the non-cooled ambient medium in RMHD codes. This study analyzes for the first time the polarized synthetic synchrotron emission in full Stokes. This results in major find- ings: The synthetic maps reveal that when the magnetic field is toroidal in nature, the emission from the jet is brighter at the jet sheath, that is, showing an edge-brightening. Conversely, an underlying purely poloidal magnetic field structure results in a brighter central spine. In the latter case, the emission concentrates in the recollimation shock, which is associated with the radio core in radio-wavelengths observations. Further, the circularly polarized emission shows both positive and negative signs for the toroidal magnetic field morphology over various types of AGN: radio galaxies, with a large viewing angle, and blazar sources, which show a jet structure emanating close to our line of sight. Finally, the emission from the relativistic jet remains largely unaltered by different emission scaling relations when the ambient medium is excluded. To test the hypothesis, I compare archival very-long-baseline interferometric (VLBI) observations from the MOJAVE program at 15 GHz and recent, dedicated observations obtained from the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 15 GHz and 23 GHz with the synthetic polarized synchrotron emission maps of blazars studied in this thesis. The archival observations extend over several years to decades. I analyze linear polarized emission and electric vector position angles, as well as circular polarization at 15 GHz and 23GHz. The findings of the study are compared to previous reconstructions of these features, which confirms the robustness of electric vector position angles. This suggests the presence of a consistent magnetic field within the VLBI radio core over time. Further, the linear polarized emission structure is consistent with polarized signals observed in the past, that is, matching the total intensity peak in most blazar sources. Examining the circular polarization reveals a switch in sign when moving from 15 GHz to 23 GHz. This result is contextualized by discussing optical depth and Faraday screens. The numerical study of AGN jets is improved by including particle physics into three-dimensional hybrid fluid-particle jet simulations. This is achieved by using a Lagrangian particle approach within the PLUTO code. I develop a specialized jet setup to accommodate Lagrangian particles with distinct physical parameters and power-law energy distributions. These particles are tracked via the underlying plasma flow. The non-thermal particle attributes are numerically updated over time. Particle physics allows to include radiative losses in numerical jet simulations which leads to cooling of the ambient medium and the backflow of the bow shock of the jet head. This provides an unobscured view of the polarized synchrotron emission of the relativistic jet. I specifically employ the example of the nearby radio galaxy Centaurus A to confirm the results of an edge-brightened jet with an underlying toroidal magnetic field configuration.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-717602 | ||||||||||||
Date: | 2023 | ||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institute of Physics I | ||||||||||||
Subjects: | Physics | ||||||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 16 October 2023 | ||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/71760 |
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