Strebler, David ORCID: 0000-0001-7724-1572 (2023). Dating the Stones: Developing Software Solutions for Thermoluminescence Dating and Improving Age Estimation of Heated Flint Samples. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Establishing a robust chronology is key to improving our understanding of the past. It requires not only reliable absolute dating methods but also a proper assessment of the connection between the events of interest and the dated events. There is evidence that the dispersal of anatomically modern humans (AMH), who had evolved around 300 ka to 200 ka in East Africa, occurred in several advances across the Levant, finally reaching central Europe around 45 ka cal BP. Luminescence dating is one of the few absolute dating methods capable of covering the full time range of these migrations. While optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is more suitable for sediment dating because of faster signal resetting, thermoluminescence (TL) remains the method of choice when dating heated or burnt materials. In prehistoric settings, most sedimentary deposits are not directly related to anthropogenic activity but are rather the result of natural processes. Heated lithics, and especially heated flint, are common in most human occupation layers, sometimes even ubiquitous. The burning or heating of these artefacts is quite systematically the direct consequence of human activities. Therefore, the dating of these heated flint samples by thermoluminescence provides age estimates for well-defined anthropogenic events. TL dating of heated flint samples can be challenging. In particular, the lack of user-optimised analysis software for TL data has exacerbated the decline of TL dating in comparison to OSL dating. In this thesis, two new software solutions specifically designed to improve and facilitate TL dating are presented. Initially developed for the dating of heated flint samples, these two software solutions were designed to be easily updated and enhanced. The tools they provide can be used or adapted to most of the settings where TL dating is the method of choice. LumReader is an R package designed to simulate both the detection properties of luminescence readers and the emission properties of materials. It allows the optimisation of the experimental detection window for a given filter and detector combination through comparison of the detection window, the stimulation signal and the luminescence emission of the studied material. TLdating is an R package specifically dedicated to thermoluminescence dating. It allows the processing of all the data needed to estimate an age using thermoluminescence, from the estimation of the equivalent dose (Dₑ) based on the thermoluminescence curve signals provided by a semi-automated TL/OSL reader to the estimation of the annual dose rate (Ḋ) using radionuclide concentrations or in-situ dose rate measurements. This thesis presents several case studies. It also provides new luminescence ages for four archaeological sites: From the archaeological site of Taibeh 3, Jordan, a series of heated flint samples were collected. The LumReader package is used to identify the best filter combination to maximise the luminescence signal and minimise the signal-to-noise ratio. It allows to optimize the signal from the fine grain aliquots that are used to estimate a specific α-efficiency (a-value) for each heated flint sample. The TLdating package was used to estimate the equivalent dose, the a-value and the dose rate. It provides an age estimate for five of these heated flint samples. These age estimates were mostly consistent with the radiocarbon ages of charcoal samples coming from the same occupation layers. From the archaeological sites of Ansab 1 and 2, Jordan, a series of heated flint and sediment samples were collected. OSL age estimates are provided for the sediment samples using the Luminescence package. They complete the current chronology of these two open-air sites. The TLdating package was used to estimate an equivalent dose for two of the heated flint samples. No final age estimates are proposed due to the lack of reliable dose rate estimates for these samples. However, this fieldwork provides an opportunity to explore the limitations of heated flint dating. Finally, this study presents an improved sample preparation protocol. In Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, four samples of sediment and one of architectural ceramics were collected. The newly developed TLdating package is used to assess an equivalent dose estimation for each of these samples using thermoluminescence. In addition, the equivalent dose values are estimated for each of these samples using post-infrared, infrared stimulated luminescence. The different equivalent dose estimates are largely in agreement with each other and the resulting age estimates agree with the expected chronology.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-717808 | ||||||||
Date: | 2023 | ||||||||
Place of Publication: | Köln | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Ehemalige Fakultäten, Institute, Seminare > Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Physics Earth sciences Geography and history History of ancient world |
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Date of oral exam: | 31 January 2022 | ||||||||
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Projects: | Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 806 ”OurWay to Europe; Culture-Environment Interaction and Human Mobility in the Late Quaternary" | ||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/71780 |
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