Carrasco, Sebastian ORCID: 0000-0002-6207-8757 (2024). Multi-scale investigation of the subsurface structure at the InSight landing site, on Mars, using single-station seismology. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
The internal structure of a planet provides constraints for understanding its evolution and dynamics. To this end, seismological data is of great relevance since seismic waves can map its interior at different scales, from meters to kilometers deep. In November 2018, the InSight spacecraft landed on Mars and deployed a set of geophysical instruments, including one seismological station. In this work, the subsurface structure at the InSight landing site (ILS) is explored, from the shallow subsurface to crustal depths, by applying single-station seismological techniques (SST) on Martian ambient vibrations and seismic events data. The shallow subsurface at the ILS, in the order of meters, is investigated using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (HVSR) technique under the diffuse field assumption (DFA). After assessing the recordings, the ambient vibrations of the first Martian year of the mission are discouraged for HVSR analysis due to (i) the likely recording of the instrumental self-noise at low wind periods and (ii) the strong influence of wind-lander interaction on the recordings as the wind speed increases. Instead, the characteristic HVSR for the ILS, between 0.4 and 10 Hz, is derived from the coda of seismic events (eHV). The eHV presents a strong peak around 8 Hz, a rapid decay towards low frequencies and a narrow trough around 2.4 Hz. Assuming a full-wavefield DFA, a nonlinear inversion using the conditional Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA) allowed to map the shallow subsurface at the ILS. Due to the non-uniqueness problem, different sets of models are retrieved. The 8 Hz peak can be explained by a Rayleigh wave resonance due to a shallow highvelocity layer, while the 2.4 Hz trough is explained by a P-wave resonance due to a buried low-velocity layer. The kilometer-scale subsurface was constrained by Rayleigh wave ellipticity measurements from large martian seismic events. The open-source Python-based tool Rellipy was developed for ellipticity extraction. The ellipticity measurements (0.03-0.07 Hz) were jointly inverted with P-to-s Receiver Functions and P-wave lag times from autocorrelations, to provide a subsurface model for the martian crust at the ILS. The joint inversion using NA allowed the unveiling of a new shallow layer at the ILS, unreported by previous models inverting seismological data. The HVSR in the 0.06-0.5 Hz frequency range from the coda of S1222a, the largest event ever recorded on Mars, suggests a gradual transition from shallow to crustal depths and consolidates the shallow subsurface models with large shear-wave velocities as the most compatible with the crustal structure. A comprehensive multi-scale model of the ILS subsurface is proposed. The ILS is characterized by the emplacement of a low-velocity regolith/coarse ejecta layer over a high-velocity Amazonian fractured lava flow (∼2 km/s, ∼30 m thick). A buried Late HesperianAmazonian sedimentary layer is deposited below (∼450 m/s, ∼30 m thick), underlain by a heavily weathered Early Hesperian lava flow. The latter overlays a thick, likely Noachian sedimentary layer that extends to a depth of 2-3 km. This shallow structure forms the first crustal layer derived from the joint inversion. Deeper crustal layers are consistent with other reported ILS models, with intracrustal discontinuities at 8-12 km and 18-23 km depth. The Moho depth at the ILS is found at 35-45 km depth. Shear-wave velocities above ∼20 km depth are lower than 2.5 km/s, slower than in other regions of Mars, suggesting a higher alteration due to local processes or a different origin of the upper crust at the ILS. The proposed model is consistent with the geologic history of Mars and other independent observations, confirming the great otential of SST for multi-scale investigation of, e.g., other planetary bodies or understudied regions on Earth.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-731699 | ||||||||||||||||
Date: | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||
Place of Publication: | Köln, Deutschland | ||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Institute of Geology and Mineralog | ||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Earth sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 8 March 2024 | ||||||||||||||||
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Projects: | InSight | ||||||||||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/73169 |
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