Hepp, Christof (2017). The molecular mechanism of outer membrane DNA transport in bacterial transformation. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Competence for natural transformation is widespread among bacterial species. In the case of Gram-negative systems, a key step to transformation is the import of DNA across the outer membrane. Although the proteins essential for transformation have been identified, the mechanism of DNA uptake remains to be elucidated. In this work, we combine fluorescence microscopy, nanomanipulation by optical tweezers and molecular biological techniques. Employing these methods, we reveal the mechanistic role of the periplasmic DNA binding protein ComE in DNA uptake over the outer membrane and compare the uptake efficiency of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). We have shown that the periplasmic DNA binding protein ComE forms complexes with imported DNA at the site of DNA uptake in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. These relatively stable complexes support the accumulation of ample amounts of DNA within the gonococcal periplasm in a gene-dosage dependent fashion. Further, we provided evidence that ComE powers DNA uptake over the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria via a translocation ratchet mechanism. In this type of active transport, the diffusion of a biopolymer inside a membrane pore is rectified by the binding of chaperones inside the target compartment. Our evidence can be divided into three parts: 1. The force-velocity relationship of DNA uptake is in very good agreement with a theoretical description of a translocation ratchet mechanism. 2. The velocity of DNA uptake depends on the concentration of ComE. 3. The force-velocity relationship of type IV pilus retraction excludes it as a power source for DNA uptake. Finally, we characterized DNA uptake and transformation of dsDNA and ssDNA in N. gonorrhoeae. For successful DNA uptake as a prerequisite for transformation, DNA has to bind to the cell surface in a first step in order to be transported across the outer membrane in a second step. We found that a double-stranded DNA uptake sequence (DUS) is required for species-specific DNA recognition and binding in the first step. In contrast, the kinetics of DNA transport in the second step are comparable for dsDNA and ssDNA, which is consistent with a ComE-dependent translocation ratchet mechanism. Based on our findings, we propose a more precise mechanistic model for the DNA uptake process into the periplasm of Gram negative bacteria. Initially, a type IV competence pilus binds DNA at the surface of the cell and threads it into the periplasm by pilus retraction. In a second step, ComE binds to periplasmic DNA and powers transport via a translocation ratchet mechanism. While the secondary structure of DNA is important for initial, species-specific DNA binding, it is irrelevant for DNA transport. A second, stronger molecular motor transports the transforming DNA from the periplasm to the cytoplasm.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-73743 | ||||||||
Date: | 25 January 2017 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institute for Theoretical Physics | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Physics Life sciences Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 19 January 2017 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/7374 |
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