Bechtel, Hanna (2024). Activator and inhibitor interactions and expression during trichome patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
The establishment of trichome fate is a well-studied de novo patterning process in the model organism A. thaliana. The regulatory networks underlying the patterning machinery are extensively researched but some processes remain elusive. The interplay between mathematic models describing biological patterns and experimental observations led to the establishment of trichome patterning models. These models can precisely predict the wildtype trichome pattern but face limitations in explaining more complex trichome phenotypes. Additionally, variables in these models are estimated and not based on experimental data, such as protein production and degradation rates. Moreover, some assumptions of the models have not been verified in biological experiments yet, like a positive feedback loop of activators on their own gene expression or the movement of activators. In the presented study, different aspects of trichome patterning were examined to shed light on some unresolved questions. To generate data on protein stability, production, and degradation rates, viral “self-cleavage” sites were utilized to express desired trichome patterning genes in a ratiometric amount with an internal control. These experiments revealed stabilization of MYB proteins in the presence of bHLH proteins but not vice versa. Moreover, a destabilization of the bHLH protein GL3 through itself was uncovered. These stability changes were found to be dependent on protein-protein interactions, and a putative link to the proteasomal degradation of these proteins was discovered. Additionally to protein studies, the gene expression of several regulatory sequences involved in trichome patterning was examined regarding their cis-regulatory elements and transactivation by various patterning genes. Mutation of WRKY-binding sites in the second intron of GL3 revealed that they are not involved in GL3 expression control, indicating other mechanisms. Overall, GL3 expression was not affected to a high degree by the presence of any tested trichome patterning gene, and more importantly, in this setup, a decrease of GL3 expression by its own presence could not be verified. Interestingly, the rescue experiments using different GL1 regulatory sequences may indicate a missing enhancer element due to low rescue efficiency. The examined genomic sequence of GL1 may include silencer elements that are masked due to the experimental procedures using artificially increased gene expression for rescue experiments. Additionally, for GL1, a positive feedback loop was observed in combination with GL3, TTG1, and TTG2 expression; which may resolve one missing link regarding patterning models. Finally, rescue experiments using Cardamine R2R3MYB sequences led to the surprising partial rescue of Arabidopsis gl1 mutant trichome phenotypes, indicating conserved protein functions as well as a degree of conserved regulatory sequences across species. Interestingly, ChWER was able to induce trichomes in gl1, revealing a potential divergence in trichome and root hair formation between species.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-737593 | ||||||||||||
Date: | 2024 | ||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Botanical Institute | ||||||||||||
Subjects: | Life sciences | ||||||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 9 September 2024 | ||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/73759 |
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