Pinto, Rovina ORCID: 0000-0003-2624-6028 (2025). Observational Climatology of Dust Activity in the Atacama Desert. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Arid and semi-arid regions are sources of mineral-dust aerosols, but very little is known about dust activity in the arid Atacama Desert. These dust aerosols have implications for human life and the climate system. By absorbing and scattering radiation, they affect the Earth’s radiation budget. The dust aerosols act as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles for clouds and, fertilise terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In the Atacama Desert, the dust aerosols have the potential to influence the formation, lifetime and composition of the prominent stratocumulus clouds and fog, and, on deposition, they can impact the biogeochemical cycle of the upwelling waters offshore. However, despite its importance, only global studies of the dust cycle in the Atacama Desert exist with significant uncertainties regarding the dust emission rates. This thesis provides the first quantitative assessment of the dust activity in the Atacama. Dust reports and meteorological data from ground-based observations spanning 72 years (1950-2021) were analysed. 1920 dust days were recorded, with less than 10% dust storms. The mean threshold wind speed for at least 5% of dust event-occurrence is 10.9±1.6 m/s which is twice as large as the values in the Taklamakan, Western Sahel, and Sudan, and consistent with the perceived infrequent dust activity despite the exceptional aridity. The threshold wind speed depends on the soil properties such as particle size distribution, soil composition and soil moisture and, surface characteristics such as surface roughness and vegetation. Therefore, using the Portable in situ Wind Erosion Lab (PI-SWERL), the dependence of the threshold wind speed given soil surface conditions in the Atacama was analysed. It is found that the mean threshold wind speeds required for dust emission over crusted surfaces are nearly twice that of disturbed surfaces where crusts were removed, indicating the role of surface crusts in controlling the dust emission potential. The maximum dust concentration measured at the lowest friction velocity is almost an order of magnitude higher from disturbed surfaces than crusted surfaces. The thresholds from the ground-based observations were validated against the in-situ measurements from the undisturbed crusted surfaces. An agreement between the station estimates and the in-situ values at Chuculay is found, but the station estimates are higher than those measured at Pisagua. This is because the surfaces are very heterogeneous, even locally, making it difficult to constrain the threshold wind speeds. Nevertheless, these results show that very high wind speeds are required to trigger dust emission from the crusted desert surfaces in the Atacama. On investigating the meteorological processes that drive dust activity, the study that the dust activity is connected to the thermal wind circulation in the Atacama. The dust activity peaks just before the wind maximum, suggesting the possibility of dry convection driving the diurnal cycle of dust. The dustiest station, Chañaral, recorded most dust events in the summer (DJF) in agreement with several global aerosol models. However, a winter-spring maxima was found at other stations. This was also observed for dust storms, as 70% of the dust storms were recorded in the winter and spring. 42% of the dust storms were recorded in Calama. Dust storms usually require sufficiently large pressure gradients to generate high wind speeds for dust emission and transport. Hence, ERA5 reanalysis data was visually inspected to identify the synoptic weather patterns associated with dust storms. The analysis revealed that more than half of the dust storms in the Atacama were associated with mid-tropospheric troughs and their surface lows (54.6%), 22.3% with cut-off lows, 8.5% each with intense anticyclones and coastal lows and 6.1% with ridges. Composite analysis of the wind speeds during dust storms shows that these synoptic weather patterns induce wind speeds that are well above the climatological mean at the station, and at times, it is the uncharacteristic direction that the wind blows from that triggers dust storms in the Atacama.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-748447 | ||||||||||
Date: | 8 January 2025 | ||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Institute for Geophysics and Meteorology | ||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Earth sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 4 June 2024 | ||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/74844 |
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