Marien, Christian ORCID: 0000-0002-7975-7780 (2024). Archean chemical geodynamics: from past processes to modern analogues. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Since its formation 4.50 billion years ago, the Earth is in a steady differentiation process. Starting with Earth’s last big accretion event, the moon forming giant impact led to the formation of a global magma ocean. Cooling led to the initial segregation into Earth’s metallic core and the silicate mantle. Further cooling then led to the crystallization of the ultramafic mantle and the first mafic crust formed. Volatile elements, released from the mantle by degassing and additionally added by volatile-rich meteorites after the core-mantle differentiation, formed an initial atmosphere as well as oceans. Since this early time, various geodynamic processes influence the development of the respective geological reservoirs, as well as the physicochemical exchange. Some of these processes are still not fully understood and are part of this thesis. In the Archean, higher temperatures of the Earth’s mantle led to high melting rates, resulting in the formation of a mafic to ultramafic crust and the successive incompatible element depletion of the upper mantle. These so-called Archean greenstone belts consist primarily of mafic basalts and ultramafic komatiites and cumulates, which are characteristic of the higher temperatures and melting rates in the Archean mantle. In contrast, present-day melting rates of the upper mantle are lower and result in the formation of a much thinner oceanic crust. During the Archean, intra-crustal differentiation of the mafic crust formed the basis for the continental crust formation, which today covers nearly 40 % of the Earth’s surface. This thesis investigates different aspects of the evolution history of the early Earth and compares them with modern, partly better understood processes. In three chapters, major and trace elements as well as radiogenic Pb-Sr-Nd-Hf isotope compositions of mafic and felsic rocks and mineral separates from the Pilbara Craton (Western Australia), from the North Atlantic Craton (SW Greenland) and from Fiji in the Southwest Pacific are characterized in more detail. In the first chapter, a combined dataset of the radiogenic U/Th-Pb, Rb-Sr, and Sm-Nd isotope compositions of mineral phases of mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Pilbara Craton and the North Atlantic Craton is presented for the first time. Using these isotope systems, it is possible to further understand the depletion history of the Archean mantle. It will be shown that the mafic rocks from the Pilbara Craton can be assigned to two different mantle domains. The first group of pyroxene separates show primitive mantle signatures in both the initial Nd and Pb isotope systems. Since the host rocks are derived from the lower mantle by plume events, the pyroxene separates provide information on the evolution of the U-Th-Pb isotope evolution before it was overprinted by subduction processes in the late Archean. The second group of pyroxene separates show lower initial Pb isotope compositions than the first group. In conjunction with the initial radiogenic Nd isotope compositions, it can be shown that the later host rocks originate from a depleted mantle source. This allows for the first time the isotopic distinction of two Archean mantle domains and the depletion of the upper mantle in the U-Th-Pb system. In the second chapter, interstitial carbonates of well-preserved Mesoarchean pillow lavas of the Archean Pilbara Craton, Australia, provide new geochemical insights into the composition of Archean seawater and its interaction with basaltic crust. A comprehensive dataset on calcites of major and trace elements, radiogenic 147Sm-143Nd, 87Rb-87Sr, and stable C-O isotopes was collected and two types of calcites can be distinguished. The first group of interstitial carbonates yield new insights about Archean fluid-rock interactions of boiling seawater with the basaltic host rock. The second type of carbonates, in contrast, exhibit modern seawater-like compositions, but from an anoxic milieu and therefore hints to stratified Archean oceans that are to some degree not buffered by hydrothermal influx. Furthermore, high Sr concentrations and lower initial 87Sr/86Sr(i) isotope compositions, suggest an increasing influence of crustal weathering on the composition of Paleoarchean seawater through time, and a progressive decoupling from the Archean mantle. In the third chapter, this thesis addresses to what extent the Archean TTGs (tonalitic, trondhjemitic, granodioritic suites) petrogenesis differs from that of present-day chemically similar oceanic plagiogranites. In older studies, it is generally assumed that Archean TTGs were formed by melting processes under eclogitic conditions, which cannot be reached in modern intra-oceanic settings. More recent studies, however, show that under certain conditions TTG formation could have been formed at lower amphibolitic conditions. For this purpose, tonalitic and trondhjemitic plutons from Viti Levu, Fiji, were investigated for their major and trace element compositions. Special emphasis was put on the high-field strength element (HFSE) budget and the Pb-Sr-Nd-Hf isotope compositions. Felsic rocks from Fiji show more than one distinct process is responsible for the formation of the felsic Fijian plutons, but three: fractional crystallization of two different mafic magmas and the partial melting of the mafic crust by so-called ‘underplating’. Especially the last process resembles the Archean dehydration melting process that is able to form voluminous felsic plutons in a predominantly mafic crust. Thus, it lays the foundation for new continental crust. However, the trace element composition of the modern felsic plutons from Fiji also show that the p-T conditions, responsible for Archean TTG formations, are not achieved. Thus, although their petrogenesis resemble the ancient process, they are no modern analogues.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-749244 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Date: | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Place of Publication: | Köln | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Institute of Geology and Mineralog | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Chemistry and allied sciences Earth sciences Geography and travel |
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Date of oral exam: | 12 January 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Referee: |
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Funders: | Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), SPP 1833, Projektnr. Mu1406/181, European Research Council (ERC), Projektnr. 669666 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Projects: | Building a Habitable Earth, Infant Earth | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/74924 |
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