Keuthen, Yannick ORCID: 0000-0003-1770-519X
(2025).
[18F]Fluoride as a Nucleophile for the Ring Opening of Cyclic Ammonium Salts.
PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
This thesis describes the development of novel methods for the preparation of radiofluorinated aliphatic amines. Specifically, DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) and 3-hydroxyazetidinium salts were investigated as precursors for nucleophilic ring opening with [18F]fluoride under “minimalist” conditions. The nucleophilic ring opening of DABCO salts was investigated. Starting with a 3-phenylpropyl DABCO salt as an aliphatic model compound for optimization studies, the radiofluorinated ring opening product, the corresponding N'-2-[18F]fluoroethylpiperazine could be prepared with RCCs of 96 ± 4%. Thereafter, aliphatic DABCO salts with alkyne and azide motifs were synthesized and evaluated as radiofluorination precursors, which afforded the 18F-labeled products with RCCs of 63 ± 4% and 48 ± 2%, respectively. Furthermore, several N'-2-[18F]fluoroethylpiperazines were synthesized by ring-opening of suitable DABCO salt intermediates, which were prepared in situ by treating benzoyl chloride, tosyl chloride, bromo-iodo-pyridine or 4-trifluoromethanesulfonate benzaldehyde with DABCO in tetrahydrofuran (THF). Subsequent radiofluorination under minimalist conditions demonstrated that the DABCO motif in these salts acts as an effective leaving group, affording the respective N'-2-[18F]fluoroethylpiperazines with RCCs of 28 ± 1%, 32 ± 1%, 46 ± 3%, and 47 ± 3%, respectively. Next, a phenyl DABCO salt was synthesized as aromatic model compound and radiofluorinated under reaction conditions optimized to account for the higher reactivity. This afforded the corresponding 18F-labeled product with RCCs of up to 98 ± 1%. Subsequent screening of additional DABCO salts confirmed excellent radiolabeling efficiencies, with RCCs of 66 ± 5% to 98 ± 1% for various aromatic model compounds, and 38 ± 1% for an azide-substituted compound. Several attempts were made to apply this method to the radiolabeling of pharmaceutical compounds. Synthesis of amino acids and PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen) ligand precursors containing the N-alkyl-substituted DABCO motif was explored but proved unsuccessful. Further efforts to prepare and radiofluorinate DABCO-substituted prosthetic groups and linkers for conjugation with pharmacophores also failed. Likewise, attempts to prepare a DABCO-based precursor for the radiosynthesis of PSMA ligands did not yield viable results. Next, the radiofluorination of a model 3-hydroxyazetidinium salt was optimized with regard to the heating method (conventional vs. inductive) and other reaction parameters. The best radiochemical conversions (RCCs) of 65 ± 10% were obtained in MeCN with an inductive heater at 110 °C for 5 minutes. These conditions were then applied for the preparation of 18F-labeled more complex, clickable azetidines. The radiofluorination of a 3-propargoxy-substituted 3-hydroxyazetidinium salt did not yield any radiolabeled product, while the corresponding azide-substituted salt was successfully radiolabeled with RCCs of 26 ± 1%. In conclusion, while the methods developed in this study show significant potential, their practical application to radiopharmaceutical synthesis remains not unfold. The challenges encountered in their application for PET-tracer synthesis underscore the need for further optimization and refinement to make them viable for practical radiopharmaceutical applications.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-754086 | ||||||||
Date: | 2025 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Medicine > Sonstiges > Institut für Radiochemie und Experimentelle Molekulare Bildgebung | ||||||||
Subjects: | Chemistry and allied sciences | ||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 13 March 2025 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/75408 |
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