Rosahl, Clara Sophie
(2025).
Quantification of echo intensity in fascicle-aligned ultrasound: ex-vivo validation of spatial gain sonography.
PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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DissertationClaraSophieRosahl.pdf - Accepted Version Download (6MB) |
Abstract
The breadth of functions attributed to muscle has only recently been grasped, augmenting it from mere body locomotor to important metabolic and endocrine organ. Its structure, supported by intramuscular connective tissue, is cause and consequence of many functional changes in the muscle. Each muscle fiber is surrounded by endomysium; perimysium in turn engulfs several muscle fibers forming a fascicle. Epimysium forms the outermost layer of a muscle and is also known as fascia in clinical contexts. In pennate muscles, fascicles are not parallel to the epimysium but lie at an angle allowing for more force to be generated per muscle cross-sectional area. Changes of intramuscular connective tissue are difficult to track in a non-invasive and inexpensive way. While ultrasound offers a chance to do so, it lacks reliability as each measurement is highly dependent on operator and subject variables such as probe tilt, ultrasound device settings, muscle pennation angle and subcutaneous fat layer. Ultrasound waves are emitted from a probe and travel through connective tissue and muscle at different speeds of sound. At each tissue interface a portion of them is reflected to the probe. B-mode ultrasound images consist of pixels of different gray values determined by the sound energy received at the probe, which is also called echo intensity. Echo intensity in muscle increases with age and immobilization, but also in muscular dystrophy, which may be attributed to muscle atrophy and denser intramuscular connective tissue under these circumstances. This relationship allows for tracking muscle quality with ultrasound and eventually could help with early detection of muscle pathology. However, echo intensity decreases with increasing pennation angle if not corrected for. Similarly, different probe tilts lead to differing echo intensities, i.e., a low inter-rater reliability. This study aimed to establish a relationship between the insonation angle and echo intensity in order to mathematically integrate this relationship in future measurements or even implement it in future devices. From the laws of specular reflection, we hypothesized (1) that the highest echo intensity would result from a perpendicular insonation of muscle fascicles, i.e., with the probe parallel to the fascicle. The mean gray value (MGV) of the ultrasound image at 0° of fascicle probe angle (FPA) would then be comparable between muscles without the bias of probe tilt or pennation angle. Next, we hypothesized (2) that the relationship between MGV and FPA could be mathematically modeled and (3) that this would result in a trigonometric function. 51 muscles of Bos taurus from overall 10 different anatomical locations were scanned post-mortem at 5 different insonation angles using an angulated ultrasound gel pad. The ultrasound scans were obtained in longitudinal orientation to the fascicles with the skin, subcutaneous fat and the superficial fascia removed. All ultrasound settings remained constant throughout measurements. Pennation angle, tilt angle of the probe and mean gray value in a region of interest were measured, the relationship between FPA and MGV was analyzed and the slope of the linear function for each muscle was calculated (tilt echo gain; TEG). Computation of FPA to MGV revealed a sinusoidal fit, confirming hypotheses 2 and 3. At smaller FPAs the relationship could be modeled with a linear fit with high enough accuracy. The linear fit was used for further calculations as it would be more user-friendly in the clinical setting. We found that MGV was indeed highest at an FPA of 0° for every muscle aligning with our first hypothesis. Both MGV at 0° FPA (MGV_00) and TEG showed muscle-specific differences. They also behaved differently across muscles indicating that they reflect different features of muscle architecture. In mixed effect models age was significant for MGV_00. Limitations of this study include the unknown effect of internal image processing of the ultrasound software which is inherent to all commercial scanners. Changes in echo intensity could also have been caused by employing an ultrasound gel pad resulting in a slight variability in scanning depth. However, no significant muscle-specific effects were detected for the depth of the region of interest suggesting that scanning depth did not affect the results. While new parameters for measuring echo intensity were found in this study, it cannot be determined whether MGV_00 and TEG correlate with the amount of IMCT, which is a topic of ongoing research. Finally, age could only be made available for part of the animals resulting in limited validity of the data regarding the relationship between age and MGV_00. This study established and validated a new method to quantitatively measure echo intensity in muscles using angulation, from here on referred to as spatial gain sonography. MGV_00 and TEG serve as more objective parameters than echo intensity alone, especially with regards to probe tilt, and might serve as new muscle-specific variables to compare between or track muscle echo intensity over time. This will allow for future muscular ultrasound studies to be more comparable and is one step in the necessary standardization towards reliable ultrasound diagnostics of musculoskeletal pathologies.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-784046 | ||||||||
Date: | 2025 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Medicine | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Medicine > Kinder- und Jugendmedizin > Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin | ||||||||
Subjects: | Technology (Applied sciences) Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 17 March 2025 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/78404 |
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