Johannes, Lena
(2023).
Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency: potential treatment strategies and discovery of a novel dermal phenotype.
PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency (SOXD) is a rare autosomal recessively inherited disease presenting with severe seizures, neurological damage and altered facial and head morphology, which collectively lead to infant death if left untreated. It can be caused by a loss of function of the mitochondrial molybdoenzyme sulfite oxidase (SOX) due to mutation in the SUOX gene (named SOXD) or by defects in the biogenesis of its molybdenum cofactor (named MoCD), forming the active site of the enzyme. The disease is characterized by a vast increase of sulfite and related sulfur-containing metabolites, including S-sulfocysteine, in urine accompanied by a decrease of plasma cystine and homocysteine levels. Sulfite is a molecule with strong nucleophilic properties that has the ability to cleave disulfide bonds and thus globally affect protein stability and function. In contrast to the versatile mechanism of sulfite-mediated toxicity, SSC functions as a structural analogue of glutamate triggering N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated excitotoxicity resulting in elevated neurodegeneration. Up to date, effective long-term treatment strategies are still lacking for SOXD. So far, therapy is restricted to symptomatic treatment including anti-epileptic medication aiming for a reduction in seizures and spasticity. Deceleration of the disease progression was attempted via dietary restriction of sulfur-containing amino acids to reduce cysteine catabolism and thus sulfite formation, but has only proven successful in mild, late onset cases of SOXD. The generation of a Suox-/- mouse line provided a new model system to investigate the effects of non-functional SOX on the symptom progression of SOXD and thus new possibilities in the search for an effective long-term treatment. Hence, the current study investigated several therapeutic approaches aiming to treat SOXD in mice by (i) blockage of NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity, (ii) dietary restriction of proteins and sulfur-containing amino acids, (iii) chemical sulfite scavenging, (iv) inhibition of ferroptosis and (v) an enzyme replacement therapy using a modified SOX variant. The results indicate an absence of beneficial effects of NMDAR blockage on the survival time of Suox-/- mice, which is in line with their cerebral phenotype being significantly milder than reported in patients, thus suggesting a different underlying cause of death, which is in strong contrast to the disease progression in human patients. Therapeutic prevention of major sulfite accumulation was attempted by dietary restriction of sulfur-containing amino acids to reduce cysteine catabolism. However, dietary restriction proved difficult in mice, as manipulation of the mother’s chow to alter the diet of pups complicated the right dosage finding, thus resulting in no improvement of the phenotype. An attempt to reduce sulfite accumulation via usage of different thiol-reactive compounds (D-cysteine/cystine, cystamine) did also not improve the symptomatology or life span of Suox-/- mice. As it nevertheless presents an easy, straightforward treatment approach, chemical sulfite scavenging still holds great potential for future studies on the treatment of SOXD. Based on the fact that SOXD causes cystine depletion, we hypothesized a pathomechanism that involves the regulated cell death pathway ferroptosis, which is characterized by increased levels of intracellular lipid peroxidation caused by a depletion of cysteine and glutathione. However, the current study excluded the contribution of ferroptosis to the phenotype of Suox-/- mice. In contrast, absence of SOX activity resulted in an inhibition of ferroptosis, which is hypothesized to be caused by a faster recovery of reduced glutathione due to sulfite-mediated cleavage of disulfide bonds in intracellular glutathione disulfide and was also confirmed by reduced lipid peroxidation in kidneys of Suox-/- mice. Enzyme replacement therapy presented an alternative treatment approach aiming for the reconstitution of SOX activity. Murine SOX lacking the heme domain was utilized to allow usage of blood-dissolved oxygen as a final electron acceptor for sulfite oxidation in vivo. The treatment resulted in a small, but significant increase in the average survival time of Suox-/- mice and upon further advancement presents a promising treatment strategy for SOXD in mice, which in the long term might lead to the discovery of a potent therapy usable for SOXD in humans as well. In the course of the current study, a difference in the cause of death between human SOXD patients and Suox-/- mice became apparent. In line with this, a dermal phenotype was discovered and investigated in Suox-/- mice, which is characterized by epidermal hyperproliferation and defective terminal differentiation presumably caused by the sulfite-mediated cleavage of disulfide bonds in keratins and other structural proteins, which are crucial for structural integrity of the epidermis. The data strongly suggest the development of an epidermal barrier defect in the progression of the disease, but future studies will be required to unravel the contribution of the observed phenotype to the overall lethality in those mice.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-787448 | ||||||||||
Date: | 2023 | ||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Chemistry > Institute of Biochemistry | ||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 27 September 2023 | ||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/78744 |
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