Gehling, Maria-Theresa ORCID: 0009-0008-6962-6147
(2025).
Synaptic targeting and (re-)localization of gephyrin by thiol-modifications.
PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
As a bifunctional protein, gephyrin is involved in molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis as well as the clustering of receptors at the inhibitory synapse. Dysfunctions of gephyrin are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, such as encephalopathy, autism, epilepsy and Alzheimer’s disease. Dynamic regulation of gephyrin is further important for the modulation of neurotransmission, known as synaptic plasticity. Thus, understanding of gephyrin function and its regulation is crucial. Gephyrin is highly regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) targeting primarily its central C-domain that connects the N-terminal G- and the C-terminal E domain. PTMs of gephyrin have been shown to regulate synaptic clustering, localization, stability and receptor interaction. However, the interplay of these PTMs and the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Moreover, most PTMs were studied in vitro and in cellulo, leaving their biological relevance in vivo unclear. This work aimed to understand the interplay of several PTMs regulating gephyrin by S-nitrosylation, S-palmitoylation as well as the interaction with dynein light chain (DLC) and to generate a mouse model for the investigation of these PTMs in vivo. In addition, this work aimed to identify the unknown roles of surface-exposed cysteines of gephyrin in a redox-dependent context. Using several biochemical, cellular and animal experiments, this work revealed new insight into gephyrin regulation through PTMs and the role of the C-domain. A novel dynein-independent role of DLC was identified that regulates S-nitrosylation and S palmityoaltion, competing for the same Cys212 and Cys284, in a reciprocal way. The underlying mechanism involves the formation of a ternary complex with gephyrin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and DLC. DLC inhibits nNOS-mediated NO production and thus allows for S-palmitoylation. Gephyrin phosphorylation at Thr205 inhibits DLC binding permitting nNOS-mediated S-nitrosylation. Furthermore, it was found that surface-exposed cysteines of gephyrin are redox sensitive and important for redox-dependent synaptic clustering of gephyrin. The mechanism driving oxidation-mediated synaptic clustering involves oligomerization of gephyrin through disulfide bridges, which strengthens receptors clustering and increases resistance to proteolytic cleavage. A physiological source for gephyrin oxidation was identified as mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mROS) linking neuronal and mitochondrial activities, important for aging and disease mechanisms. Finally, a novel mouse model carrying a microdeletion of residue 199-233 (∆199 233) was generated, allowing for the investigation of the contribution of this C-domain area for gephyrin function in vivo. The phenotype of homozygous mice (∆/∆) was severe, causing high-mortality, epileptic-like seizures and weight loss before weaning age. The pathogenicity mechanism was narrowed down to disturbed synaptic targeting of gephyrin through loss of S-palmitoylation and PTM-independent structural modulation of the gephyrin-receptor interaction. These combined alterations caused a reduction in inhibitory transmission and adaptation at excitatory synapses, resulting in a disturbed excitation and inhibition interplay thus manifesting the hyperexcitation and epileptogenic phenotype in ∆/∆ mice. In summary, this work sheds light on the importance and interplay of three thiol based PTMs of gephyrin: S-nitrosylation, S-palmitoylation and Cys-reduction/oxidation. Furthermore, it extends the understanding of the C-domain beyond its role as a regulatory hub for the function of gephyrin through structural flexibility and PTMs, as a PTM-independent modulator of gephyrin-receptor interactions. The findings within this work extend our knowledge about gephyrin-dependent synaptic plasticity and offer potential for developing therapies for gephyrin-dependent neurodegenerative diseases and may be representative of other post-synaptic proteins.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-789474 | ||||||||
Date: | 2025 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Chemistry > Institute of Biochemistry | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Chemistry and allied sciences Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 17 September 2024 | ||||||||
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Funders: | Reloc 2550 (DFG funding) | ||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/78947 |
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