Venter, Paul Christiaan (2018). The protistan microbiome of German grassland soils. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Dissertation_Paul_C_Venter_23.01.2018_Ohne_Lebenslauf.pdf - Accepted Version Bereitstellung unter der CC-Lizenz: Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives. Download (75MB) |
Abstract
High throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) is a method used in ecological impact studies and biomonitoring to survey large sample numbers. When studying very small unicellular protists, this methodology is most optimally used in combination with morphological culture-based or other molecular techniques, to compensate the shortcomings of each method. In most studies to date, it was however used as a standalone method – therefore the biases and inclusion criteria of the NGS results become important. For this reason, we applied an own pipeline and very conservative criteria to be most inclusive (include all Unique Individual Reads – UIRs), but also very conservative (cluster to Operational Taxonomic Units - OTUs) within sequence pairwise similarity cut-offs to the closest reference sequence in the Protist Ribosomal Reference (PR2) database. The results were comparable to other similar studies, but very unique in that a detailed analysis of the true sequences was possible, and pyrotags could be compared to environmental sequences of other studies to compare the biogeography of the unknown diversity. While only a very few sequences (~1%) strictly matched protist reference sequences, pairwise identity inclusion cut-offs identified a large hidden diversity with no representatives in the PR2 database. In this dissertation, the first taxa-area relationship for protists in the mesoscale (1 – 1000 km between sampling sites) is described, being unexpectedly more similar to large animal and plant species than to other micro-organisms (fungi and bacteria). Taxa-area relationship of species overlap was discovered to decrease with increased land-use intensity (LUI – grazing livestock, mowing and fertilization). Combining the protist dataset for the 150 grassland sites in the mesoscale with georeferenced data for altogether 12 below- and aboveground trophic groups, true multitrophic homogenization could be measured as diversity changes with land-use intensification. A major conclusion of this multitrophic diversity comparison was that the α-diversity in belowground taxa increased with increased land-use, as compared to decreases in α-diversity of aboveground taxa, even though in both cases homogenization occurred. Once again, including the georeferenced grassland soil protist dataset in two more multifunctionality studies, species richness and abundance for nine below- and aboveground trophic groups were compared and two more discoveries were made. First of all, the above- and belowground species had opposing functional effects, where the rare species rather than the common species associated with high ecosystem functioning, and declined in their abundances with land-use intensification. Based on a presumed functional trade-off principle among rare species, we assume that a high diversity of rare species is more advantageous for multifunctionality than a high diversity of common species, irrespective of land-use intensification and region studied. Secondly, the combined multitrophic richness had a stronger explanatory effect on 14 ecosystem variables (services) than any single trophic group alone, where the combined provision of services and functions in trophic groups were stronger when diversity was high. This not only underlined the functional importance of biodiversity, but also the error associated with analyses based on single trophic groups alone. A closer look at the diversity of the well documented monophyletic ciliates and also the comparatively less studied polyphyletic heterotrophic flagellates in the soil protist dataset indicated a large hidden diversity in the rare species range, in both cases. Most of the pyrotags with 100% pairwise identity matched other environmental sequences rather than morphologically described species. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that even UIRs that were close matches to described refenerence species could be variants, because they displayed an individual biogeography. A further large hidden community could be described in terms of an unknown environmental diversity in the reference database (PR2) and using the already renowned “rare biosphere” in this dataset. This study concludes that the discovery of organisms in soil is tailored to the analysis method used, in addition to technological shortcomings. Furthermore, the recovery rate of species from the original site of discovery is higher than for taxa from distant sites.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-80150 | ||||||||
Date: | 18 January 2018 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Zoologisches Institut | ||||||||
Subjects: | Generalities, Science Economics Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences Agriculture Civic and landscape art |
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Date of oral exam: | 18 January 2018 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/8015 |
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