Sapala, Aleksandra (2018). Growth and biomechanics of plant epidermal cells. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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20180924_thesis_core.pdf - Accepted Version Bereitstellung unter der CC-Lizenz: Creative Commons Attribution. Download (26MB) | Preview |
Abstract
Since plant cells are encased in rigid cell walls, approaching them as physical systems is necessary to fully understand the multi-level mechanisms controlling developmental processes. Therefore, in my thesis I tried to combine physical and biological methods to study the morphogenetic processes in the plant epidermis. I quantified growth of the Arabidopis thaliana sepal, an elliptical floral organ which is comprised of small, square cells and large, elongated ‘giant cells’ randomly interspersed between the small ones. I detected a wave of high anisotropic growth (growing predominantly in one direction): along the proximo-distal starting at the tip of the sepal, gradually moving to its base as the organ develops. Interestingly, replacing the giant cells with files of small cells (observed in the lgo mutant) does not change the overall growth rate tendencies. In contrast, the Arabidopsis cotyledon, which has a round shape, grows much more isotropically (at the same rate in all directions), even though its cells have very elaborate, jigsaw puzzle-like shapes. I used Cellular Force Microscopy (CFM) to measure stiffness (or, indirectly, turgor pressure) of sepal cells. A Finite Element Method (FEM) mechanical model showed that observed differences in measured stiffness values between small and giant cells can be explained by cell geometry. Furthermore, using osmotic treatments I demonstrated in vivo that the cell wall is softer in the fast-growing areas than in the slow-growing areas. By comparing osmotic treatment results in wild type and the ftsh4 mutant, I speculated that Reactive Oxygen Species play an important role in cell maturation by locally stiffening the cell wall. Finally, I focused on more complex cell shapes as I employed genetic engineering, cell growth and shape quantification and computational modelling to answer the question why epidermal cells in leaves and cotyledons make jigsaw puzzle-like shapes. Cell shapes are adjusted to growth direction according to self-enhancing growth restriction, as proven by a growing mechanical model. I proposed puzzle cells minimize mechanical stress on the cell wall and therefore prevent it from bursting or needing to introduce additional structural reinforcements. Finally, I demonstrated several lines of evidence that plants of different cell shape and size, as well as different species, have an active mechanism of keeping this stress low. Taken together, my results contribute to the understanding of the role of cell shape in the epidermal tissue. They also provide novel input on mechanical properties of the cell wall during growth supported by in vivo experiments performed using state-of-the-art biomechanical methods.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-86082 | ||||||||
Date: | 16 July 2018 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen > MPI for Plant Breeding Research | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 3 September 2018 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/8608 |
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