Universität zu Köln

Bender, Ralf ORCID: 0000-0002-2422-4362 and Beckmann, Lars ORCID: 0000-0002-9979-7261 (2025). Hazards, Causality, and Practical Relevance of Collider Effects – Comment on Beyersmann et al. “Hazards Constitute Key Quantities for Analyzing, Interpreting and Understanding Time‐to‐Event Data”. Biometrical Journal, 67 (5). pp. 1-2. Wiley. ISSN 0323-3847

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Abstract

[Artikel-Nr.: e70071] Hazards constitute key quantities for analyzing, interpreting, and understanding time‐to‐event data. Hazards and corresponding effect measures, such as the hazard ratio from the Cox proportional hazards model, have a valid causal interpretation if the hazard function is considered as a function in time rather than hazards at specific time points. In this comment, we would like to add two points: (1) The hazard ratio is also a useful population‐level estimand with a valid causal interpretation. (2) Empirical evidence shows that problematic situations, which could occur in theory due to strong heterogeneity, are usually avoided in typical randomized controlled trials.

Item Type:	Article
Creators:	Creators Email ORCID ORCID Put Code Bender, Ralf UNSPECIFIED https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2422-4362 UNSPECIFIED Beckmann, Lars UNSPECIFIED https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9979-7261 UNSPECIFIED
URN:	urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-802310
Identification Number:	10.1002/bimj.70071
Journal or Publication Title:	Biometrical Journal
Volume:	67
Number:	5
Page Range:	pp. 1-2
Number of Pages:	2
Date:	8 September 2025
Publisher:	Wiley
ISSN:	0323-3847
Language:	English
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine
Divisions:	Weitere Institute, Arbeits- und Forschungsgruppen > Other Central Institutions
Subjects:	Medical sciences Medicine
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Keywords Language causality ; collider effect ; estimand ; hazard ratio ; hazards English
['eprint_fieldname_oa_funders' not defined]:	Publikationsfonds UzK
Refereed:	Yes
URI:	http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/80231