Dittberner, Hannes (2019). Evolutionary processes shaping natural variation in two Brassicaceae species. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
In natural populations genetic variation is shaped by a complex interplay of evolutionary forces. For this thesis, I investigated patterns of natural variation in two selfing Brassicaceae species with contrasting demographic histories. I addressed the following questions: i) how do complex traits evolve in selfing populations when genetic drift is maximized and recombination strongly limited? ii) how can such populations be maintained when they are severely endangered? To answer the first question, I investigated natural variation in stomatal traits and water-use efficiency in 330 European accessions of the widely distributed human commensal Arabidopsis thaliana. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed that natural variation in stomata density, stomata size and water-use efficiency has a complex largely polygenic genetic basis with few major effect loci at low frequency. Moreover, I found a significant correlation between stomata size and water-use efficiency, which has a genetic basis. All traits were significantly correlated with climatic variables and excessively differentiated among populations, suggesting a role of these traits in local adaptation. To answer the second question, I investigated the distribution of genetic diversity in Arabis nemorensis, a strongly endangered floodplain species. A. nemorensis is a target species in an ecological restoration project at the Upper Rhine. To assess whether genetic diversity was maintained in the restoration process I genotyped and compared individuals from four pristine and six restored sites. Genetic analysis revealed that, in these sites, A. nemorensis co-occurs with its morphologically highly similar but ecologically divergent sibling species Arabis sagittata and that they naturally hybridize. In both species, there was no difference in the level of genetic diversity between pristine and restored sites. In A. sagittata, restoration resulted in admixture of previously isolated genotypes, suggesting that restoration can increase the adaptive potential of populations, depending on the initial structure of the donor populations. Population genetic analysis of 15 additional pristine sites in Germany in Austria revealed that A. nemorensis is frequently confused with its sibling species, A. sagittata and Arabis hirsuta, in botanical surveys, indicating that the size of its total population might be overestimated. In three populations A. nemorensis co-occurs with A. hirsuta. However, the Rhine population is the only contact zone between A. nemorensis and A. sagittata I found. Intraspecific genetic diversity was low both in A. nemorensis and A. sagittata, likely due to habitat degradation. Thus, interspecific gene-flow through hybridization could be source of novel genetic variation for both species, which could be critical for their survival. Patterns of genomic ancestries of hybrids suggest that hybrids naturally back-cross with both parents, but preferentially with A. sagittata, which might have resulted in interspecific gene-flow. To test for interspecific gene-flow, I analyzed whole-genome sequences of 35 individuals from sympatric and allopatric populations of both species and an outgroup. In both sympatric and allopatric populations, I found signatures of substantial gene-flow among parental species, which was stronger from A. nemorensis into A. sagittata than vice versa and strongest into the sympatric A. sagittata population. Haplotype network analyses suggest that gene-flow in this population was both recent and ancestral. To assess the adaptive potential of interspecific gene-flow, I investigated the phenotypic divergence of the species. I found that they significantly differ in several potentially adaptive traits: phenology, morphology, defense and flooding tolerance, highlighting the adaptive potential of interspecific gene-flow. Yet, additional studies will be needed to assess whether gene-flow is indeed adaptive.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-102003 | ||||||||||||||||
Date: | 2019 | ||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Botanical Institute | ||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 15 July 2019 | ||||||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/10200 |
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