Neumaier, Felix ORCID: 0000-0002-6376-6391 (2020). Modulation of Cav2.3 voltage-gated calcium channels by trace metal ions and trace metal chelators. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: The trace metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ are increasingly recognized as endogenous modulators of neuronal transmission, hormone secretion and synaptic plasticity. Cav2.3-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) are among their most sensitive targets and have an expression pattern that coincides with the spatial distribution of histochemically reactive trace metals in the brain, suggesting that they could represent a main mediator for their reported neuro-modulatory effects. Although non-conserved histidine residues on the external side of domain I have been convincingly implicated in the effects of trace metals on Cav2.3 channel gating, the exact mechanisms involved and their (patho)physiological relevance remain incompletely understood. AIMS: Aim of the articles compiled in the present thesis was to shed some light on the exact mechanisms of Zn2+- and Cu2+-induced Cav2.3 channel modulation and their potential relevance under normal and pathophysiological conditions. METHODS: In publication 1, crystallographic data of a Ca2+-selective bacterial model channel was used as a framework to theoretically analyze eukaryotic VGCC structure, function and modulation by inorganic cations. In publication 2, general protocols for preparation and use of metal ion-buffered solutions were developed and a fluorescent Zn2+ sensor was used to illustrate the importance of proper metal ion-buffering. In publication 3, conventional and perforated patch-clamp recordings together with different inhibitors and cytosolic factors were used to study Cav2.3 channel run-down during electrophysiological recordings, which was critical to optimize the conditions for experiments performed in publication 6. In publication 4, the effects of intraperitoneal injection of the Zn2+ chelator DEDTC on blood glucose homeostasis, glucose tolerance and peptide hormone secretion in Cav2.3-deficient and -competent mice were analyzed, insulin secretion was examined in isolated islets of Langerhans from both genotypes and the Zn2+-dependence of DEDTC effects on cloned Cav2.3 channels was verified using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. In publication 5, whole-cell patch-clamp and electroretinographic recordings were used to characterize a receptor-independent but Cu2+-dependent mechanism of Cav2.3 channel modulation by the glutamate-receptor agonist kainic acid (KA). In publication 6, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were used to characterize Zn2+-induced changes in Cav2.3 channel function and to develop a Markov model for Cav2.3 channel gating under control conditions and in the presence of physiological Zn2+ concentrations. RESULTS: Publication 1 provided novel insights into eukaryotic VGCC function and modulation by trace metal ions. Publication 2 demonstrated the critical importance of proper metal ion buffering to avoid deviations between nominal and actual free metal ion concentrations. Publication 3 showed that run-down of Cav2.3 channel currents is associated with changes in channel gating and that it can be prevented or delayed by hydrolysable ATP through a mechanism that critically depends on protein phosphorylation by serine/threonine kinases. Publication 4 revealed severe glucose intolerance in Zn2+-depleted Cav2.3-deficient but not vehicle-treated Cav2.3-deficient or Zn2+-depleted wildtype mice. In addition, fasting glucose and glucagon levels were significantly higher in Cav2.3-deficient mice, whereas Zn2+ chelation significantly increased blood glucose and glucagon concentrations in wildtype but not Cav2.3-deficient mice. Application of DEDTC significantly stimulated cloned human Cav2.3 channels when applied in the presence of Zn2+ but had no effect in the presence of the Zn2+ chelator CaEDTA. Publication 5 uncovered that KA can stimulate cloned human Cav2.3 channels in the absence of functional KA receptors by reversing Cu2+-induced suppression in vitro, presumably via formation of stable kainate-Cu2+ complexes. When the chelator tricine was used as a surrogate to study the receptor-independent effects of KA in the isolated bovine retina, it selectively reduced a late ERG b-wave component that was previously shown to be enhanced by pharmacologic or genetic ablation of Cav2.3 channels. Publication 6 demonstrated that Zn2+-induced changes in Cav2.3 channel function are complex and inconsistent with a single mechanisms of action. Computer simulations were used to show that most, but not all of the effects can be reconciled by a simplified Markov model that involves Zn2+ binding to a first site with an associated electrostatic modification and mechanical slowing of one of the voltage-sensors and Zn2+-binding to a second, lower affinity site which blocks the channel and modifies the opening and closing transitions. DISCUSSION: With regard to Zn2+-induced Cav2.3 channel modulation, the results in publication 6 point to an intricate dependence on the prevailing neuronal properties and ionic conditions, which could profoundly influence and even invert the net Zn2+ action. Thus, due to Zn2+-induced parallel changes in activation and inactivation voltage-dependence, the net action is strongly affected by the holding potential, can be either inhibitory or stimulatory and may persist for several minutes after cessation of the Zn2+ signal. This could conceivably play a role for certain forms of synaptic sensitization or plasticity, and might also be relevant for e.g. the regulation of Cav2.3 channels in pancreatic islets, where sudden cessation of Zn2+ supply from β-cells is thought to serve as one of the switch-off signals for α-cell glucagon secretion. In support of the latter notion, the findings in publication 4 provide evidence for an involvement of Cav2.3 channels in the Zn2+-mediated suppression of glucagon secretion during hyperglycemia and indicate that Cav2.3 channel dysfunction could lead to severe disturbances in glucose homeostasis, especially under conditions of Zn2+-deficiency. Based on the results of publications 5 and 6, a decrease or reversal of Zn2+ and Cu2+-induced Cav2.3 channel suppression by endogenous (i.e. glutamate) or exogenous (i.e. KA) trace metal chelators, moderate acidification or depolarization of the neuronal resting membrane potential could also contribute to the pro-convulsive role of Cav2.3 channels demonstrated in previous investigations, although the pathophysiological relevance of these finding in vivo remains to be firmly established. Finally, the findings in publication 3 suggest that protein phosphorylation is required for normal Cav2.3 channel function and that it could modify the normal properties of currents carried by these channels. Conclusion: The articles compiled in this thesis provide several novel insights into the mechanisms underlying reciprocal Cav2.3 channel modulation by trace metal ions and trace metal chelators as well as first evidence for their importance under (patho)physiological conditions. Moreover, while still far from complete, the model developed in publication 6 provides a quantitative framework for understanding Zn2+ effects on Cav2.3 channel function and a first step towards the application of computational approaches for predicting the complex action of Zn2+ on neuronal excitability.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-115622 | ||||||||
Date: | 2020 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Medicine > Physiologie und Pathophysiologie > Institut für Neurophysiologie | ||||||||
Subjects: | Chemistry and allied sciences Life sciences Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 27 April 2020 | ||||||||
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Funders: | Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Köln Fortune (KF) | ||||||||
Projects: | DFG: SCHN 387/21-1, DFG: SCHN 387/21-2, KF: 259/2013 | ||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/11562 |
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