Bekpen, Cemalettin (2006). Evolutionary and functional studies of p47 GTPases involved in cell autonomous immunity. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
The interferon-inducible p47 GTPases are probably the most powerful resistance system in the mouse against intracellular pathogens. It is shown that the genome of the C57BL/6 mouse contains 23 p47 GTPase genes on chromosomes 7, 11 and 18 of which only 6 have previously been described. Among these are 2 probable pseudogenes. Of the 6 p47s thus far published, four have been knocked out and all of them have pathogen-sensitive phenotypes. By implication, others among this large family are also probably functional and required for normal pathogen resistance. Published differences in pathogen resistance profile, extensive divergent sequence evolution and radically differentiated intracellular behaviour suggest that the individual proteins have been selected for distinct functions, no doubt against distinct intracellular pathogens or pathogen classes. Surprisingly, there are no reports of p47 GTPase function in human. The human genome has only one complete p47 GTPase gene, (IRGC) on chromosome 19, which is 90% identical at the protein level to mouse Irgc. IRGC is expressed in testis and syntenic between the two species. A p47 gene fragment (IRGM) is present on human chromosome 5 in a region syntenic to mouse chromosome 18 and mouse chromsome 11. This fragment is transcribed in 5 different spliced forms but no protein is detected. The expression profile of IRGM is regulated by a ERV9 retroviral elements containing promoter. Both of the human genes, IRGC and IRGM, are not induced by interferons. Therefore, human has no interferon-inducible p47 GTPase resistance system. This different distribution of p47 GTPases in the two mammals has led to a broader investigation of the systematics of these interesting proteins. It is shown that the human has lost the immunologically functional members during mammalian evolution. The p47 GTPases are documented down to the dog, rat and bony fishes and shown that dramatic gain and also loss of the family member is going on in these ancient taxonomic groups as well. Variable number of p47 GTPases in different species is probably a mechanism to generate diversity of p47 GTPases acting on pathogens which are usually known to be fast evolving.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-17486 | ||||||||
Date: | 2006 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Institute for Genetics | ||||||||
Subjects: | Life sciences | ||||||||
Date of oral exam: | 13 February 2006 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/1748 |
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