Abuter, R., Accardo, M., Amorim, A., Anugu, N., Avila, G., Azouaoui, N., Benisty, M., Berger, J. P., Blind, N., Bonnet, H., Bourget, P., Brandner, W., Brast, R., Buron, A., Burtscher, L., Cassaing, F., Chapron, F., Choquet, E., Clenet, Y., Collin, C., du Foresto, V. Coude, de Wit, W., de Zeeuw, P. T., Deen, C., Delplancke-Stroebele, F., Dembet, R., Derie, F., Dexter, J., Duvert, G., Ebert, M., Eckart, A., Eisenhauer, F., Esselborn, M., Fedou, P., Finger, G., Garcia, P., Dabo, C. E. Garcia, Lopez, R. Garcia, Gendron, E., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Gonte, F., Gordo, P., Grould, M., Groezinger, U., Guieu, S., Haguenauer, P., Hans, O., Haubois, X., Haug, M., Haussmann, F., Henning, Th., Hippler, S., Horrobin, M., Huber, A., Hubert, Z., Hubin, N., Hummel, C. A., Jakob, G., Janssen, A., Jochum, L., Jocou, L., Kaufer, A., Kellner, S., Kendrew, S., Kern, L., Kervella, P., Kiekebusch, M., Klein, R., Kok, Y., Kolb, J., Kulas, M., Lacour, S., Lapeyrere, V., Lazareff, B., Le Bouquin, J. -B., Lena, P., Lenzen, R., Leveque, S., Lippa, M., Magnard, Y., Mehrgan, L., Mellein, M., Merand, A., Moreno-Ventas, J., Moulin, T., Mueller, E., Mueller, F., Neumann, U., Oberti, S., Ott, T., Pallanca, L., Panduro, J., Pasquini, L., Paumard, T., Percheron, I., Perraut, K., Perrin, G., Pflueger, A., Pfuhl, O., Duc, T. Phan, Plewa, P. M., Popovic, D., Rabien, S., Ramirez, A., Ramos, J., Rau, C., Riquelme, M., Rohloff, R. -R., Rousset, G., Sanchez-Bermudez, J., Scheithauer, S., Schoeller, M., Schuhler, N., Spyromilio, J., Straubmeier, C., Sturm, E., Suarez, M., Tristram, K. R. W., Ventura, N., Vincent, F., Waisberg, I., Wank, I., Weber, J., Wieprecht, E., Wiest, M., Wiezorrek, E., Wittkowski, M., Woillez, J., Wolff, B., Yazici, S., Ziegler, D. and Zins, G. (2017). First light for GRAVITY: Phase referencing optical interferometry for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer. Astron. Astrophys., 602. LES ULIS CEDEX A: EDP SCIENCES S A. ISSN 1432-0746

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Abstract

GRAVITY is a new instrument to coherently combine the light of the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope Interferometer to form a telescope with an equivalent 130m diameter angular resolution and a collecting area of 200 m(2). The instrument comprises fiber fed integrated optics beam combination, high resolution spectroscopy, built-in beam analysis and control, near-infrared wavefront sensing, phase-tracking, dual-beam operation, and laser metrology. GRAVITY opens up to optical/infrared interferometry the techniques of phase referenced imaging and narrow angle astrometry, in many aspects following the concepts of radio interferometry. This article gives an overview of GRAVITY and reports on the performance and the first astronomical observations during commissioning in 2015/16. We demonstrate phase-tracking on stars as faint as m(K) approximate to 10 mag, phase-referenced interferometry of objects fainter than m(K) approximate to 15 mag with a limiting magnitude of m(K) approximate to 17 mag, minute long coherent integrations, a visibility accuracy of better than 0.25%, and spectro-differential phase and closure phase accuracy better than 0.5 degrees, corresponding to a differential astrometric precision of better than ten microarcseconds (as). The dual-beam astrometry, measuring the phase difference of two objects with laser metrology, is still under commissioning. First observations show residuals as low as 50 mu as when following objects over several months. We illustrate the instrument performance with the observations of archetypical objects for the different instrument modes. Examples include the Galactic center supermassive black hole and its fast orbiting star S2 for phase referenced dual-beam observations and infrared wavefront sensing, the high mass X-ray binary BP Cru and the active galactic nucleus of PDS 456 for a few mu as spectro-differential astrometry, the T Tauri star S CrA for a spectro-differential visibility analysis, xi Tel and 24 Cap for high accuracy visibility observations, and eta Car for interferometric imaging with GRAVITY.

Item Type: Journal Article
Creators:
CreatorsEmailORCIDORCID Put Code
Abuter, R.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Accardo, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Amorim, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Anugu, N.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Avila, G.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Azouaoui, N.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Benisty, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Berger, J. P.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Blind, N.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Bonnet, H.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Bourget, P.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Brandner, W.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Brast, R.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Buron, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Burtscher, L.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Cassaing, F.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Chapron, F.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Choquet, E.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Clenet, Y.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Collin, C.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
du Foresto, V. CoudeUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
de Wit, W.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
de Zeeuw, P. T.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Deen, C.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Delplancke-Stroebele, F.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Dembet, R.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Derie, F.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Dexter, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Duvert, G.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Ebert, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Eckart, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Eisenhauer, F.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Esselborn, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Fedou, P.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Finger, G.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Garcia, P.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Dabo, C. E. GarciaUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Lopez, R. GarciaUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Gendron, E.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Genzel, R.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Gillessen, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Gonte, F.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Gordo, P.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Grould, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Groezinger, U.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Guieu, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Haguenauer, P.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Hans, O.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Haubois, X.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Haug, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Haussmann, F.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Henning, Th.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Hippler, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Horrobin, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Huber, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Hubert, Z.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Hubin, N.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Hummel, C. A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Jakob, G.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Janssen, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Jochum, L.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Jocou, L.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kaufer, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kellner, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kendrew, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kern, L.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kervella, P.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kiekebusch, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Klein, R.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kok, Y.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kolb, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kulas, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Lacour, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Lapeyrere, V.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Lazareff, B.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Le Bouquin, J. -B.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Lena, P.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Lenzen, R.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Leveque, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Lippa, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Magnard, Y.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Mehrgan, L.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Mellein, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Merand, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Moreno-Ventas, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Moulin, T.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Mueller, E.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Mueller, F.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Neumann, U.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Oberti, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Ott, T.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Pallanca, L.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Panduro, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Pasquini, L.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Paumard, T.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Percheron, I.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Perraut, K.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Perrin, G.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Pflueger, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Pfuhl, O.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Duc, T. PhanUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Plewa, P. M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Popovic, D.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Rabien, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Ramirez, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Ramos, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Rau, C.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Riquelme, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Rohloff, R. -R.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Rousset, G.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Sanchez-Bermudez, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Scheithauer, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Schoeller, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Schuhler, N.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Spyromilio, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Straubmeier, C.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Sturm, E.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Suarez, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Tristram, K. R. W.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Ventura, N.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Vincent, F.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Waisberg, I.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Wank, I.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Weber, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Wieprecht, E.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Wiest, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Wiezorrek, E.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Wittkowski, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Woillez, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Wolff, B.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Yazici, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Ziegler, D.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Zins, G.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
URN: urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-229511
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201730838
Journal or Publication Title: Astron. Astrophys.
Volume: 602
Date: 2017
Publisher: EDP SCIENCES S A
Place of Publication: LES ULIS CEDEX A
ISSN: 1432-0746
Language: English
Faculty: Unspecified
Divisions: Unspecified
Subjects: no entry
Uncontrolled Keywords:
KeywordsLanguage
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK-HOLE; STELLAR WIND; TRACKING ALGORITHMS; INFRARED FLARES; GALACTIC-CENTER; DATA REDUCTION; NARROW-ANGLE; ETA-CARINAE; STAR; SYSTEMMultiple languages
Astronomy & AstrophysicsMultiple languages
Refereed: Yes
URI: http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/22951

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