Tige, J., Motte, F., Russeil, D., Zavagno, A., Hennemann, M., Schneider, N., Hill, T., Luong, Q. Nguyen, Di Francesco, J., Bontemps, S., Louvet, F., Didelon, P., Konyves, V., Andre, Ph., Leuleu, G., Bardagi, J., Anderson, L. D., Arzoumanian, D., Benedettini, M., Bernard, J. -P., Elia, D., Figueira, M., Kirk, J., Martin, P. G., Minier, V., Molinari, S., Nony, T., Persi, P., Pezzuto, S., Polychroni, D., Rayner, T., Rivera-Ingraham, A., Roussel, H., Rygl, K., Spinoglio, L. and White, G. J. (2017). The earliest phases of high-mass star formation, as seen in NGC 6334 by Herschel-HOBYS. Astron. Astrophys., 602. LES ULIS CEDEX A: EDP SCIENCES S A. ISSN 1432-0746

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Abstract

Aims. To constrain models of high-mass star formation, the Herschel-HOBYS key program aims at discovering massive dense cores (MDCs) able to host the high-mass analogs of low-mass prestellar cores, which have been searched for over the past decade. We here focus on NGC 6334, one of the best-studied HOBYS molecular cloud complexes. Methods. We used Herschel /PACS and SPIRE 70 500 mu m images of the NGC 6334 complex complemented with (sub) millimeter and mid-infrared data. We built a complete procedure to extract 0.1 pc dense cores with the getsources software, which simultaneously measures their far-infrared to millimeter fluxes. We carefully estimated the temperatures and masses of these dense cores from their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We also identified the densest pc-scale cloud structures of NGC 6334, one 2 pc x 1 pc ridge and two 0.8 pc x 0.8 pc hubs, with volume-averaged densities of 10(5) cm(-3). Results. A cross-correlation with high-mass star formation signposts suggests a mass threshold of 75 M-circle dot for MDCs in NGC 6334. MDCs have temperatures of 9 : 5 40 K, masses of 75 1000 M-circle dot, and densities of 1 x 10(5) 7 x 10(7) cm(-3). Their mid-infrared emission is used to separate 6 IR-bright and 10 IR-quiet protostellar MDCs while their 70 mu m emission strength, with respect to fitted SEDs, helps identify 16 starless MDC candidates. The ability of the latter to host high-mass prestellar cores is investigated here and remains questionable. An increase in mass and density from the starless to the IR-quiet and IR-bright phases suggests that the protostars and MDCs simultaneously grow in mass. The statistical lifetimes of the high-mass prestellar and protostellar core phases, estimated to be 1-7 x 10(4) yr and at most 3 105 yr respectively, suggest a dynamical scenario of high-mass star formation. Conclusions. The present study provides good mass estimates for a statistically significant sample, covering the earliest phases of high-mass star formation. High-mass prestellar cores may not exist in NGC 6334, favoring a scenario presented here, which simultaneously forms clouds, ridges, MDCs, and high-mass protostars.

Item Type: Journal Article
Creators:
CreatorsEmailORCIDORCID Put Code
Tige, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Motte, F.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Russeil, D.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Zavagno, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Hennemann, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Schneider, N.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Hill, T.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Luong, Q. NguyenUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Di Francesco, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Bontemps, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Louvet, F.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Didelon, P.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Konyves, V.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Andre, Ph.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Leuleu, G.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Bardagi, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Anderson, L. D.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Arzoumanian, D.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Benedettini, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Bernard, J. -P.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Elia, D.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Figueira, M.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Kirk, J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Martin, P. G.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Minier, V.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Molinari, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Nony, T.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Persi, P.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Pezzuto, S.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Polychroni, D.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Rayner, T.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Rivera-Ingraham, A.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Roussel, H.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Rygl, K.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Spinoglio, L.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
White, G. J.UNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
URN: urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-229570
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628989
Journal or Publication Title: Astron. Astrophys.
Volume: 602
Date: 2017
Publisher: EDP SCIENCES S A
Place of Publication: LES ULIS CEDEX A
ISSN: 1432-0746
Language: English
Faculty: Unspecified
Divisions: Unspecified
Subjects: no entry
Uncontrolled Keywords:
KeywordsLanguage
6.7-GHZ METHANOL MASERS; GALACTIC PLANE; WIDE-FIELD; INITIAL CONDITIONS; DENSITY STRUCTURE; VELOCITY SHOCKS; RADIO-SOURCES; SIO EMISSION; HII-REGIONS; MAP-MAKINGMultiple languages
Astronomy & AstrophysicsMultiple languages
Refereed: Yes
URI: http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/22957

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