Universität zu Köln

Martin-Domenech, R., Jimenez-Serra, I., Munoz Caro, G. M., Mueller, H. S. P., Occhiogrosso, A., Testi, L., Woods, P. M. and Viti, S. (2016). The sulfur depletion problem: upper limits on the H2S2, HS2 center dot, and S-2 gas-phase abundances toward the low-mass warm core IRAS 16293-2422. Astron. Astrophys., 585. LES ULIS CEDEX A: EDP SCIENCES S A. ISSN 1432-0746

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Abstract

Context. A fraction of the missing sulfur in dense clouds and circumstellar regions could be in the form of three species not yet detected in the interstellarmedium: H2S2, HS2 center dot, and S-2 according to experimental simulations performed under astrophysically relevant conditions. These S-S bonded molecules can be formed by the energetic processing of H2S-bearing ice mantles on dust grains, and subsequently desorb to the gas phase. Aims. The detection of these species could partially solve the sulfur depletion problem, and would help to improve our knowledge of the poorly known chemistry of sulfur in the interstellar medium. To this purpose we calculated the frequencies and expected intensities of the rotational transitions not previously reported, and performed dedicated ground-based observations toward the low-mass warm core IRAS 16293-2422, a region with one of the highest measured gas-phase H2S abundances. Methods. Observations in the submillimeter regime were obtained with the APEX 12 m telescope during 15 h of observation. A total of similar to 16 GHz were covered in a range of about 100 GHz, targeting a wide selection of the predicted rotational transitions of the three molecules. Results. The 1 sigma noise rms values were extracted in the spectral regions where the targeted species should have been detected. These values were a factor of 2-7 lower than those reached by previous observations toward the same source, and allowed us to estimate a 1 sigma upper limit to their molecular abundances of <= 8.1 x 10(-9), <= 1.1 x 10(-8), and <= 2.9 x 10(-7) relative to H-2, for H2S2, HS2 center dot, and S-2, respectively. Conclusions. The upper limit abundances of the three molecules containing the S-2 unit are up to two orders of magnitude lower than the H2S abundance in the source, and one order of magnitude lower than the expected abundances from the experimental simulations using ice analogs. Subsequent gas-phase chemistry after desorption could lower the abundances of the three species to undetectable levels in our observations.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Creators:	Creators Email ORCID ORCID Put Code Martin-Domenech, R. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Jimenez-Serra, I. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Munoz Caro, G. M. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Mueller, H. S. P. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Occhiogrosso, A. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Testi, L. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Woods, P. M. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Viti, S. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED
URN:	urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-292275
DOI:	10.1051/0004-6361/201526271
Journal or Publication Title:	Astron. Astrophys.
Volume:	585
Date:	2016
Publisher:	EDP SCIENCES S A
Place of Publication:	LES ULIS CEDEX A
ISSN:	1432-0746
Language:	English
Faculty:	Unspecified
Divisions:	Unspecified
Subjects:	no entry
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Keywords Language HOT CORES; DENSE CLOUDS; MOLECULAR-SPECTROSCOPY; ROTATIONAL SPECTRA; COLOGNE DATABASE; CHEMISTRY; SUBMILLIMETER; MILLIMETER; REGION; ICES Multiple languages Astronomy & Astrophysics Multiple languages
Refereed:	Yes
URI:	http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/29227