Kerkhoff, Linda (2021). Crystal growth and structural aspects of alkali iridates and ruthenates of lithium and sodium. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
The aim of the present investigation of alkali iridates and ruthenates of lithium and sodium is to achieve insights into their growth mechanisms, structural properties, and thermal behaviour. In recent times, these compounds as part of the Alkali Platinum-Group Metal Oxides (APGMO) family attracted considerable attention due to their unconventional magnetic properties. Here, four systems of different chemical composition were investigated: the Li-Ir-O system (a- and b-Li2IrO3), the Li-Ru-O system (Li2RuO3; Li3RuO4), the Li-Ir-Ru-O system (Li2Ir1–xRuxO3), and the Na-Ru-O system (Na3–xRu4O9; Na27Ru14O48). Single crystals were grown by the Chemical Vapour Transport Reaction (CVTR) method and the solid-state reaction method. The former method was performed using an Al2O3 setup with separated educts and distinct crystallisation sites. Growth conditions were determined based on thermodynamic considerations of assumed chemical reactions. Thorough investigations demonstrate that the growth from the gaseous phase is not only possible for systems with similar partial pressures of gaseous components (Li2IrO3) but also for systems with different partial pressures (Li2RuO3 and Li2Ir1–xRuxO3). In the Li-Ir-Ru-O system yielding Li2Ir1–xRuxO3, the crystal symmetry of the end members a-Li2IrO3 and Li2RuO3 reveal a solid-solution series only at growth temperature. At room temperature, the phases are heterostructural (C2/m and P21/m, respectively), which complicates the growth process. For Na3–xRu4O9 and Na27Ru14O48, the solid-state reaction is the more suitable growth method due to the isolation of educts (Na2CO3 and RuO2) and the prevented escape of volatiles during growth. The investigation of chemical instability of all grown compounds demonstrates a hygroscopic behaviour for sodium ruthenates and an instability against ethanol for lithium iridates and ruthenates. For both growth methods, comparable examinations of growth results, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction show that the amount, size, and morphology of crystals depend on many parameters such as the growth temperature and duration, educt type and ratio, arrangement of setup parts, and partial pressures of gaseous phases. To correctly assign the influence of these parameters on the structure of grown crystals, structural investigations based on X-ray diffraction were performed. The common structural feature are the edge-sharing AO6 and MO6 octahedra (A=Li;Na and M=Ir;Ru). The majority of compounds is found in the Li2MO3 type characterised by honeycomb structures. Structural and thermal investigations reveal that the a-Li2IrO3 modification (C2/m) is formed at lower temperatures than b-Li2IrO3 (Fddd) and both modifications are connected via a phase transition. For Li2RuO3, the room-temperature phase is confirmed, which crystallises in P21/m symmetry and which is characterised by its Ru-Ru dimers in the two-dimensional honeycomb network. A phase transition to the high-temperature C2/m phase is not observed by thermal analysis. In accordance, powder X-ray diffraction measurements on Li2Ir1–xRuxO3 in a temperature range between 12K and 310K demonstrate that at a high relative Ir amount the C2/m modification, which consists of non-dimerised honeycombs, is stable and does not undergo a phase transition. At a high relative Ru amount, the P21/m modification is determined, implying the presence of the dimerised honeycomb structure and a phase transition between growth temperature and 310K. This indicates a favoured dimerisation of Ru than of Ir, which is explained by a slightly smaller ionic radius of Ru4+ compared to Ir4+. Overall, structural investigations of Li2Ir1–xRuxO3 compounds point towards a limit between the stability areas of the non-dimerised C2/m and the dimerised P21/m phase at room temperature close to a relative Ir amount of 0.4 - 0.5. Structural investigations of Na27Ru14O48 reveal the occurrence of stacking faults and their influence on the unit-cell choice and Na stoichiometry. However, a dependence of the incidence of stacking faults on growth conditions is not found. In the tunnel-like structure of Na3–xRu4O9, a dependence of Na stoichiometry on the growth method is shown. Here, the Na stoichiometric amount is higher for a sample grown from the gaseous phase than for one grown by the solid-state reaction method. Further, the anisotropic refinement of atomic displacement parameters resulted in elongated displacement ellipsoids of Na in the direction of the tunnels, which indicates a mobility of Na atoms and, hence, suggested conducting behaviour in Na3–xRu4O9.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-469100 | ||||||||||||||
Date: | 2021 | ||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Institute of Geology and Mineralog | ||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Chemistry and allied sciences Earth sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 23 April 2021 | ||||||||||||||
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Funders: | Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – SFB 1238, Projekt A02 | ||||||||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/46910 |
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