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Chronic liver diseases, independent of their etiology, are leading to liver fibrosis, that is characterized by an uncontrolled scarring process and an enormous acculumation of extracellular matrix in the interstitial space. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the main cell type responsible for the deposition of extracellular matrix after inflammatory induced myofibroblastic activation. Despite their myofibroblastic features HSC are also reported to exhibit expression of neuronal structural proteins and signaling mediators. MicroRNAs play an important role in diverse cellular processes such as development, differentiation, and apoptosis. These small single-stranded RNA molecules regulate gene expression on the post-transcriptional level. The miRNAs miR-9, miR-125b, and miR-128, prevalently expressed in neuronal tissue are known to be involved in neuronal differentiation. In the present thesis work, the relevance of neuronal miRNAs was analyzed during myofibroblastic transdifferentiation of HSC. First, the isolation procedure of primary HSC was established. This in vitro cell system of primary HSC reflects the the cellular mechanisms of fibrogenesis in vivo.
In the present study the upregulation of the neuronal miR-9, miR-125b, and miR-128 was shown during in vitro induced transdifferentiation of primary HSC by real-time PCR. To analyze the impact of these miRNAs in HSC, different approaches were performed to identify potential target transcripts. In silico analyses of databases revealed identification of common potential targets probably recognized by all three miR-9, miR-125b, and miR-128. Thus, the Lin28 transcript was found to have putative binding sites for miR-9, miR-125b, and miR-128 in the 3`-untranslated region (UTR). Therefore, the potential binding sequences of each neuronal miRNA and corresponding sequences including two point mutations were cloned into a luciferase reporter plasmid and used for reporter assays after miRNA co-transfection. Reporter assays showed that all neuronal miRNAs interact with the 3`-UTR of the Lin28 mRNA. During myofibroblastic transdifferentiation the expression of Lin28 was markedly decreased. This contrary expression of Lin28 and the neuronal miRNAs also illustrates the direct effect of miR-9, miR-125b, and miR-128 on the Lin28 expression. Additionally, Klf4 as another factor of pluripotency was listed as putative target transcript of miR-128 in the databases. The specific interaction of
miR-128 with the 3`-UTR of Klf4 was also demonstrated by a reporter assay.
For identification of putative target transcripts in vitro two further approaches were performed, a hybridization microarray and an Ago2 immunoprecipitation assay, approached for the first time in the present thesis work. Interestingly, in miR-128 treated HSC, members of the CC- and CXC-chemokine families, not yet listed in the databases, were identified as new target mRNAs of miR-128, in particular by the microarray analysis. By Ago2 immunoprecipitation the direct interaction of the miRNA with its target transcript, taking place in the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) of HSC, was analyzed. Transcripts, bound by neuronal miRNAs in the RISC, were identified first by cloning of the corresponding cDNA followed by a direct sequencing and second by an extensive next generation sequencing analysis. By these approaches, members of the chemokine familiy were confirmed as binding partners for miR-9, miR-125b, and especially for miR-128. Ccl2, as the predominant chemokine in fibrosis, showed a reduced expression in the expression profile analysis of miR-128 treated HSC and a direct interaction of miR-128 with the Ccl2 transcript was proven by reporter assays. Whereas miR-128 is induced, Ccl2 is repressed during myofibroblastic transdifferentiation of HSC. By means of next generation sequencing, Notch1 was identified as an additional target transcript of the neuronal miRNAs, in agreement with the in silico data. Recently, Notch1 was discussed as a main factor inhibiting the myofibroblastic transdifferentiation. In my thesis work, a specific interaction of the three neuronal miRNAs with the 3`-UTR of Notch1 was now demonstrated. While miR-9, miR-125b, and miR-128 were upregulated during myofibroblastic transdifferentiation of HSC, Notch1 is reduced, shown on transcript and protein level. Therefore, the here shown interaction between the neuronal miRNAs and Notch1 emphasizes the high relevance of this post-transcriptionally regulatory miRNA/Notch axis in the initiation mechanism of the myofibroblastic transdifferentiation. | English |
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