Perez Anton, Miguel (2021). Mechanism of localized lignin deposition in explosive fruit. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Adaptations for dispersal are ubiquitous in nature. Plants have evolved many and varied ways to disperse their seeds, from the parachute of plumed dandelion seeds, to the exploding fruit of Cardamine hirsuta. A major goal in biology is to identify the molecular basis of such complex trait innovations. In C. hirsuta, the asymmetric deposition and lignification of secondary cell walls (SCWs) in endocarp b cells of the fruit valve was found to be a key morphomechanical innovation underpinning explosive seed dispersal. To gain insights into the mechanisms controlling this lignin patterning in C. hirsuta, we identified less lignin (lig) mutants that showed reduced lignification of the fruit valve. The lig1 mutant is deficient in lignin deposition in endocarp b cells, resulting in a reduced seed dispersal range. By positional cloning, transgenic complementation, and the isolation of additional alleles, I demonstrate that an ortholog of the transcription factor SPL7, a central regulator of copper homeostasis, is the causal locus for the phenotype. Using ICP-MS to measure the concentration of copper, I show that SPL7 is both necessary and sufficient to regulate the concentration of copper in fruit. I find that SPL7 is expressed in endocarp b cells and lignified cells of the dehiscence zone, suggesting a local role in lignification. Three members of the lignin-polymerizing laccases, which are Cu-requiring enzymes, are expressed in endocarp b cells, where I show they precisely co-localize with lignin in the asymmetric SCWs. Using CRISPR/Cas9, I generated knock-out alleles of these three laccases. Plants with 5 mutant laccase alleles have less lignin in SCWs of endocarp b cells, suggesting that laccases are required for endocarp b lignification. I propose that copper deficiency in the lig1 fruit, due to loss of SPL7 function, reduces laccase activity in endocarp b cells, resulting in reduced lignification. Therefore, explosive seed dispersal depends on the SPL7 pathway to provide sufficient copper to the fruit for localized lignin deposition, likely mediated by precise localization of Cu-requiring laccases.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-540623 | ||||||||
Date: | 24 November 2021 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen > MPI for Plant Breeding Research | ||||||||
Subjects: | Life sciences Agriculture |
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Date of oral exam: | 2 December 2020 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/54062 |
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