Keul, Suja Elizabeth
(2020).
Striving towards gender equality in education
The role of Bernice Sandler.
Masters thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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PDF (This MA Thesis describes the significant role of Bernice Sandler in achieving gender equality in education, and the role she played in the enactment of Title IX legislation.)
SujaKeul_MasterArbeit-2020_BerniceSandler.pdf - Submitted Version Download (825kB) | Preview |
Abstract
This qualitative study examines why Bernice Sandler's role was significant in achieving gender equality in education, and the role she played in the enactment of Title IX legislation, which changed the face of American education. A historical overview of the development of women's higher education is provided and evaluated in order to describe the context of gender discrimination. Gender has been an important tool of oppression of women for centuries. In that aspect, no country has been an exception, including the United States. Like everywhere else, in America as well, the socio-cultural norms and gender roles expectations hindered women from achieving a full education. The potential barriers to women's higher education, as well as the potential outcomes of these marginalizations, were explored in order to gain a more in-depth understanding of this study. Women faced innumerable socially constructed barriers that constrained their educational development. Women's proper role was considered to be a mother, and her proper place was the home. Everything else was considered beyond the normal gender role definitions. But fortunately, there were few early voices that propagated the idea of the importance of giving higher education for women. As a result, women's higher education has gone through various forms, and types of institutions. Female seminaries, women's colleges, co-education and so on, before it spread to all colleges and universities. Even though by the middle of the twentieth century, women have gained broader access to education, but in certain areas, discrimination was still rampant. For example, especially in medicine, law, and business women's entry was restricted through various measures, such as the quota system, which used to limit the number of women being admitted. In the academic workplace, female faculties were more often not promoted or given tenure. Bernice Sandler's activism led to the passing of the Title IX legislation. By mandating to treat all students equally in all aspects of the education, especially in areas regarding admissions, recruitment, financial assistance, etc., in all federally funded institutions, Title IX eliminated all such practices, creating a more gender-equitable environment in education. Most importantly, it was Sandler's almost single-handed initiative that set things in motion and led to changing the educational landscape.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters thesis) | ||||||||
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| URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-558678 | ||||||||
| Date: | 2020 | ||||||||
| Language: | English | ||||||||
| Faculty: | Faculty of Arts and Humanities | ||||||||
| Divisions: | Faculty of Arts and Humanities > Fächergruppe 6: Geschichte > Abteilung für Nordamerikanische Geschichte | ||||||||
| Subjects: | Social sciences Law Education Geography and history |
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| Date of oral exam: | 13 January 2020 | ||||||||
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| Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
| URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/55867 |
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