Ndifon, Abraham Nsah (2013). Variations of developmental events, skn-1 and pie-1 expression, and gene regulatory networks in nematodes with different modes of reproduction. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
In this thesis, I studied aspects of early soma/germline separation, gene expression patterns, gene networks and oocyte-to-embryo transition in several nematodes with different modes of reproduction. Proper localisation of gene products is essential for accurate embryonic development. In the hermaphroditic C. elegans, the fertilizing sperm is the initial trigger for the generation of a molecular asymmetry which is reflected by the segregation of germline-specific P granules and differential expression of maternally inherited gene products. In C. elegans, P granules are initially dispersed in the cytoplasm and only later accumulate around the nucleus prior to the birth of the primordial germ cell. In other related nemtodes, we found that P granules occupy an early perinuclear position irrespective of phylogeny and the mode of reproduction. We hypothesize that early perinuclear localisation of P granules may play a role in the regulation of early zygotic transcripts. In C. elegans, the PIE-1 protein functions in the germline to maintain its pluripotency whereas the SKN-1 protein specifies EMS fate. The MEX-1 protein prevents the accumulation of PIE-1 and SKN-1 in the AB lineage. A great disparity in gene networks was found to exist in nematodes. Notably, no obvious PIE-1 and SKN 1 homolog were found in several basal clades. A significant number of vital C. elegans genes are absent in many nematode taxa, and restricted to the genus Caenorhabditis. This indicates that there is significant plasticity in the gene networks active in the early embryo and that there are many potential avenues leading to a healthy juvenile, independent of the reproductive strategy. Striking differences in spatial and temporal expression of the skn-1 and pie-1 genes regardless of the mode of reproduction have been revealed in this work. We found exclusive localisation in somatic cells of skn-1 and pie-1 mRNAs in Acrobeloides nanus and other Acrobeloides species, in contrast to predominant germline expression in Panagrolaimus species. The localisation of pie-1 and mex-1 mRNAs is similar in both Panagrolaimus sp. (PS1159) and C. elegans. However, in the former, skn-1 mRNA expression differs remarkably from the latter. A straightforward explanation for the exclusive germline expression of the skn-1 mRNA in Panagrolaimus sp. (PS1159) is the presence of a translational block in germ cells, and in the Acrobeloides species, a translational block in the somatic cells. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation is essential in regulating oocyte to embryo transition in many organisms. Major sperm protein (MSP) genes trigger MAP kinase activation in the hermaphroditic C. elegans. While activated MAP kinase is present in all analysed nematodes regardless of the reproductive mode, MSP expression differs. In contrast to hermaphroditic or bisexual species, we do not find MSP expression at the protein level in parthenogenetic nematodes. However, genomic sequence analysis indicates that functional MSP genes are present in several parthenogenetic species. Thus, we suggest that MSP expression has been shifted to non-sperm cells at levels too low for detection via Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Thus, a low expression level could be sufficient for acting like a hormone to trigger MAP kinase activation and embryogenesis in parthenogenetic species. In summary, our findings reveal unexpected high differences in early embryonic gene activity amongst nematodes that apparently does not translate into morphological differences, since the hatched larvae of different species look very similar. Nevertheless, differences in embryonic gene expression and cellular behavior might be important to allow the variability needed for adaptation to an ever changing environment, which is reflected by the enormous number of nematode species occupying essentially all ecological niches.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-55900 | ||||||||
Date: | 2013 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Zoologisches Institut | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 24 May 2013 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/5590 |
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