Mertens, Florent (2015). Internal structure and dynamics of extragalactic relativistic jets. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Radio-loud AGN typically manifest powerful relativistic jets extending up to millions of light years and often showing superluminal motions organised in a complex kinematic pattern. A number of physical models are still competing to explain the jet structure and kinematics revealed by radio images using the Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) technique. Robust measurements of longitudinal and transverse velocity field in the jets would provide crucial information for these models. This is a difficult task, particularly for transversely resolved jets in objects like 3C\,273 and M87. To address this task, we have developed a new wavelet-based image segmentation and evaluation (WISE) technique for identifying significant structural patterns (SSP) of smooth, transversely resolved flows and obtaining a velocity field from cross-correlation of these regions in multi-epoch observations. Detection of individual SSP is performed using the wavelet decomposition and multiscale segmentation of the observed structure. The cross-correlation algorithm combines structural information on different scales of the wavelet decomposition, providing a robust and reliable identification of related SSP in multi-epoch images. A stacked cross correlation (SCC) method is also introduced to recover multiple velocity components from partially overlapping, optically thin emitting regions. Test performed on simulated image of jets revealed excellent performance of WISE. The algorithm enables recovering structural evolution on scales down to 0.25 FWHM of the image point spread function (PSF). It also performs well on sparse or irregular sets of observations, providing robust identification for structural displacements as large as 3 PSF size. on astronomical images by applying it to several image sequences obtained as part of the MOJAVE long-term monitoring program of extragalactic jets with VLBI observations. The particular focus of the analysis was made on prominent radio jets in the quasar 3C\,273 and the radio galaxies 3C\,120 and 3C\,111. Results showed the robustness and fidelity of results obtained from WISE compared with those coming from the ``standard'' procedure of using multiple Gaussian components to represent the observed structure. These tests demonstrated also the excellent efficiency of the method, with WISE analysis taking only a few minutes of computing time to recover the same structural information which required weeks of model fitting efforts. Going beyond global one dimensional kinematic analysis, WISE revealed transverse structure in the the jet of 3C\,273, with three distinct flow lines clearly present inside the jet and evolving in a regular fashion, suggesting a pattern that may rise as a result of Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instability that has previously been detected in this jet. The positional precision of the WISE decomposition was also critical on modeling the helical trajectory of the components in the jet of 3C\,120, revealing an helical surface mode of the K-H instability with an apparent wavelength $\lambda_{\mathrm{app}} = 15.8\,\mathrm{mas}$ and evolving at an apparent speed $\beta^w_{\mathrm{app}} = 2.0\,\mathrm{c}$. We finally present in this thesis the first detailed transverse velocity fields of the jet in M87 on scales of $10^{3} \text{--} 10^{4} r_g$. Its proximity combined with a large mass of the central black hole make it one of the primary source to probe the jet formation and acceleration region. We analyzed 11 epochs of the M87 jet VLBA movie project observed at 3 weeks intervals revealing a structured and stratified flow, compatible with a magnetically launched, accelerated and collimated jet. Based on the structural analysis obtained with WISE, important physical parameters of the flow could be determined. Using the velocity detected in the counter-jet and the intensity ratio between the jet and counter-jet, we estimated the viewing angle $\theta = 18\degree$. Differential velocity in the northern and southern limbs of the flow was explained by the jet rotation consistent with a field line with angular velocity $\Omega \sim 10^{-6} s^ {-1}$ and corresponding to a launching location in the inner part of the accretion disk. The stratification in the flow was unveiled from a SCC analysis that detected a slow mildly relativistic layer ($\beta \sim 0.5 c$) associated either with the instability pattern speed or an outer wind, and a fast accelerating stream line ($\gamma \sim 2.5$). The acceleration of the jet together with the collimation profile of the flow, was successfully modeled by solving the magnetohydrodynamics wind equation, indicating a total specific energy $\mu \sim 6$, and a transition from Poynting to kinetic energy at a distance $z_{eq} \sim 3000 R_s$, in a good agreement with previous analytic and simulation work.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-64319 | ||||||||
Date: | 9 May 2015 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Physics > Institute of Physics I | ||||||||
Subjects: | Physics | ||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 26 June 2015 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/6431 |
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