Tran, Ngoc Bao ORCID: 0000-0002-8702-6515 (2023). Dry Eye Therapy Using Cannabinoid Ligands. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) has a high prevalence (up to 50% in some communities) with increasing incidence. Notably, patients have such high morbidity and burden that they desperately need effective treatment. However, as a "multifactorial disease," DED consists of various complex disorders, all of which interact to form a vicious circle and obscure the etiology. Even though physicians and patients have different therapeutic options, the common disadvantages in current treatments are (i) a lack of compliance due to an overload of products, (ii) the occurrence of side effects of different drugs, and (iii) limited efficiency in some particular cases. As a result, DED requires a novel therapy capable of simultaneously addressing multiple targets in DED pathogenesis. To find suitable targets and candidates for DED, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and its receptors (CBRs) present at the ocular surface are a promising choice, as ECS functions are involved in a plethora of physical processes. Experimental evidence showed that using CBRs ligands can modulate anti-inflammatory, neurosensory, and wound-healing processes, which are potential to control and prevent DED pathogenesis and the vicious circle. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine whether CBR ligand eye drops can provide a multiple-target therapy for DED. The project hereby consisted of three parts, addressing consecutive objectives: Firstly, this study confirms the involvement of CBRs (in particular, CB1R and CB2R) in DED pathomechanism based on an experimental DED mouse model (desiccating stress model). CB1R and CB2R were detected by RT-qPCR and in-situ hybridization techniques in the cornea, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands. During DED-induction, CB1R and CB2R expressions were increasing, concurrent with significant DED phenotypes (low tear production, high score of cornea epitheliopathy, and reduced cornea sensitivity). Furthermore, different CBRs ligands were topically applied to DED-induced mice. CBRs therapy suppressed the increasing trend of CBR expression, which coincided with improved phenotype readouts. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a promising candidate for anti-inflammatory effects, together with protecting nerve morphology and maintaining corneal sensitivity. Secondly, an in-vitro wound-healing model was developed to characterize the influence of CBR on the re-epithelialization process. Interestingly, while CB1R was found to have a significant effect, selective CB2R ligand did not influence the re-epithelialization. In detail, activating CB1R improved the wound-healing rate while selectively inhibiting CB1R delayed the wound-healing process. Furthermore, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), a non-selective agonist, showed a biphasic effect: high concentration (from 1 to 10 µM) delayed wound healing, while low concentration (from 0.01 to 0.5 µM) increased the rate. This finding supports the functional role of CBRs in DED pathogenesis and management. Thirdly, we proposed two eyedrop formulations for THC, in which THC was formulated in the form of micelle in water at the nanoscale (around 10nm). All ingredients are already used in pharmaceuticals and bio-products, so the formulations are expected to be safe and well-tolerated. Additionally, the formulation steps are feasible with low technical complexity, showing promise for commercial scaling-up. The finally proposed formulation contains 0.5% THC, adequate to provide a significant effect, as shown in the in-vivo model in the first part. Also, the obtained results confirmed stability when stored at room temperature or refrigerator (4-8oC), facilitating its use by patients. In summary, this study confirmed the potentiality of CBR and CBR ligands, notably THC, as a multiple-target therapy for dry eye patients.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-646846 | ||||||||||||||||
Date: | 12 January 2023 | ||||||||||||||||
Publisher: | Hundt Druck GmbH | ||||||||||||||||
Place of Publication: | Cologne, Germany | ||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Medicine | ||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Medicine > Augenheilkunde | ||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Chemistry and allied sciences Life sciences Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 12 January 2023 | ||||||||||||||||
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Funders: | European Union‘s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Marie Skłodowska Curie grant agreement, IT-DED3 No.7656 | ||||||||||||||||
Projects: | Integrated Training in Dry Eye Disease Drug Development | ||||||||||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/64684 |
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