Hensel, Elena Amelie ORCID: 0000-0002-8476-3990 (2023). Multiscale geoarchaeological investigation of rockshelter deposits using the example of Sodicho, Ethiopian Highlands. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
The potential of the new and promising archaeological site Sodicho Rockshelter to provide a geoarchaeological context, for prehistoric human-environment interaction and palaeoenvironmental shifts in its surroundings, has been investigated with a multidisciplinary and multimethodological approach. The results now promote the site as a new key site for geoarchaeological research in tropical regions. Located in the southwestern Ethiopian Highlands, the site is part of a region that is renowned for the study of human origins, evolution, and the dispersal of our ancestors across the African continent and beyond its borders. Significant human fossil finds from sites such as Omo/Kibish or Herto highlight the importance of this region. In Ethiopia, the dispersal of the anatomically modern humans (AMH) can be seen as a movement to another region or a migration into another continent, but also as an upward movement to elevated regions. Hypotheses that the topographical and climatic diversity of Ethiopia favored the development of environmental, and ecological refugia in the highlands, raises several research questions, such as the climatic impact that forced the humans to adapt or retreat, and the identification of push and pull factors for their dispersal. Furthermore, questions emerged as to why humans repeatedly chose to disperse into the mountains, and how they coped with the harsher conditions in higher altitudes (e.g., higher ultraviolet radiation, lower oxygen levels) that are challenging for the human body. However, comprehensive terrestrial palaeoenvironmental archives and continuous archaeological records are still very scarce in Ethiopia. Chronostratigraphic gabs, discordances, and the influence of erosion create common uncertainties about the forcing factors for regional environmental and climatic variability. Moreover, it remains unclear what impact the mentioned changes had on the landscape, flora, fauna, and of course our human ancestors. In this doctoral thesis, a multiproxy, geoarchaeological approach is chosen to address research hypotheses on prehistoric human-environment interaction and palaeoclimatic driven dispersal theories in the tropical highlands during the Late Pleistocene and the following Holocene. This study is integrated into the multi- and interdisciplinary approach of the Collaborative Research Centre 806 "Our Way to Europe - Culture-Environment Interaction and Human Mobility in the Late Quaternary" (CRC 806), which focuses on the climatic, environmental and cultural context to understand the migration of anatomically modern humans from the African continent into Central Europe as one of the “sinks”. By approaching the study area and addressing the research questions, using different spatial and temporal scales, it has been shown that the Sodicho Rockshelter is a unique site that contains evidence on repeated high-altitude occupation during the last 27 ka cal BP. It is the first site in southwestern Ethiopia that holds dated occupation phases during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼ 21 ± 2 ka), and thus contributes to the research debate on an environmental refugia. This study presents the geoarchaeological results of micromorphological investigations various sedimentological, and geochemical analyses, radiocarbon dating, and the evidence from collaborating disciplines of archaeology, and archaeobotany, in relation to the local archaeological record and regional paleoenvironmental changes. Based on the results, processes such as site formation, post-depositional disturbances and the identification of the geogenic, biogenic und anthropogenic depositional agents were determined. The archaeological evidence and sedimentary stratigraphy provide insights into human behavior such as stone tool manufacturing, fire activity, site maintenance, and dumping activities. In addition, a more detailed examination at the microstratigraphic record enabled the identification of shifting moisture conditions during the African Humid Period (AHP, ∼ 15 ± 5 ka). By identifying specific palaeoenvironmental signals in the sediment sequences, a comparison with supraregional palaeoclimatic records was possible. This highlights the potential of multiscale research in the volcanic rockshelter and the possibility to be correlated to other archaeological and palaeoenvironmental sites at the Horn of Africa and beyond.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-647518 | ||||||||
Date: | 2023 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Geosciences > Geographisches Institut | ||||||||
Subjects: | Geography and travel | ||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 21 October 2022 | ||||||||
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Funders: | Sonderforschungsbereich 806 "Our Way to Europe", Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | ||||||||
Projects: | Teilprojekt A1: “Out of Africa – Late Pleistocene Rock Shelter Stratigraphies and Palaeoenvironments in Northeastern Africa” | ||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/64751 |
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