Berendes, Volker (2016). Speed-dependent interaction of sensory signals and local, pattern-generating activity during walking in Drosophila. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Locomotion in six legged insects requires effective mechanisms for inter-leg coordination. Such mechanisms could be realized by mechanical coupling of the legs via the ground during stance phase, by direct connections between the rhythm generating networks in the ventral nerve cord (VNC) of these animals, or they could rely on an intersegmental exchange of phasic sensory feedback. This thesis investigates the role of local pattern-generating networks and inter-leg sensory influences for the generation of rhythmic motor activity during walking at different speeds in Drosophila. For this purpose, a series of already existing techniques was used in combination for the first time in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. Single leg amputation was used to reduce sensory feedback of one leg allowing the residual stump to move freely and thereby providing insight into the rhythmic activity of motor pattern-generating networks in the VNC. This approach has already been used to investigate the control mechanisms of walking in several animals, including stick insects (e.g. Wendler, 1964) and cockroach (e.g. Delcomyn, 1988). In the present thesis, oscillation periods, phases, and absolute inter-segmental intervals of movements in the intact legs and single leg stumps were quantified in tethered flies walking on top of an air-cushioned ball. A similar setup has previously been used for several other animals such as cockroaches (Spirito and Mushrush, 1979) and also Drosophila (Seelig and Jayaraman, 2013; Seelig et al., 2010). High-speed video analysis of the walking behavior was performed manually (Strauss and Heisenberg, 1990; Wosnitza et al., 2013) as well as in semi automatic fashion (Branson et al., 2009; Mendes et al., 2013). The nan[36a] mutant (Kim et al., 2003), which has defective chordotonal organs, was used to investigate the influence of sensory feedback from chordotonal organs in the intact legs on movements of the stump. Consistent with findings in cockroaches and stick insects rhythmic oscillatory movements were found for stumps of single front, middle and hind legs during tethered walking in Drosophila. The stumps oscillated with a frequency of approximately 10 Hz that was largely consistent for the whole range of recorded walking speeds. Intact legs showed step periods of 100 ms only during relatively fast walking, thus, during slow walking sequences multiple stump oscillations were found for one step period of the intact legs. Consequently, the phase relation between stumps and intact legs was very variable at low walking speeds. Nevertheless, preferred absolute time intervals were found between intact leg liftoff and subsequent levation or depression onset in the stump, even if the frequency of stump oscillations was much higher than the step frequency of intact legs. With increasing walking speed the stump oscillations became highly coordinated with respect to the intact legs. Interestingly, the transition range to strong coordination occurred at the point where the stepping period in intact legs becomes very similar to the base frequency of the stump oscillations. Single middle leg stumps of nan[36a] mutant flies showed the same high frequency oscillations that were found during experiments with wild type flies. The stumps oscillated almost independently of walking speed with a movement period of about 100 ms. In contrast to wild type flies stump oscillations in the mutant flies failed to entrain to the stepping behavior of the intact legs at high walking speeds and the absolute time intervals between liftoff events in intact legs and subsequent onset of levation or depression in the stump were more variable. These results lead to the following four conclusions: First, a putative descending control of walking speed does not target the rhythm generating networks directly but it probably has an indirect influence by changing the gain factor of sensory signals, for instance. Second, if the relatively high frequency of stump oscillations reflects a high natural frequency of the investigated pattern generating networks this would facilitate the coordination at high walking speeds, where precise coordination is very important. Fourth, coordinating signals from the intact legs influences the stump movements even during slow walking, but it is probably more effective during fast walking where the stump shows a cycle to cycle coupling to the intact legs. This indicates a stronger inter-leg coordination at high walking speeds. Fourth, the chordotonal organs in the intact legs play an important role for this coordination. During the second part of this thesis the speed range and activity pattern of intact Drosophilae and single leg amputees were studied during voluntary untethered walking. For this purpose, a behavioral paradigm was created that allowed for the study of walking behavior in nine individual flies in separate petridish enclosures. Additionally, software was developed to provide a semi- automatic analysis of the recorded videos. It was found that compared to intact animals the occurrence of walking speeds above 5 mm/s was strongly reduced in amputees. During voluntary untethered walking hindleg amputees showed the highest speed range of all amputees. A reduced level of walking activity was found in frontleg and hindleg amputees, whereas middleleg amputees showed the same probability to walk as the intact animals. The flies walked in short bouts of mostly less than two seconds. As previously shown in the literature (Martin, 2004; Valente et al., 2007) the probability for fast walking was higher in the center of the walking arena compared to the area close to the wall of the enclosures, where the flies spend most of the time. In any case walking activity was only found for a maximum 30 % of the recorded time (in R2 amputees).
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-68835 | ||||||||
Date: | July 2016 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Zoologisches Institut | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 8 July 2016 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/6883 |
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