Gries, Raphael ORCID: 0000-0003-2392-388X (2024). Deciphering Novel Modes of Action of Lead Compounds with Antibacterial or Anti virulence Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that is responsible for serious health problems around the globe. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and can be effectively treated with an extensive treatment regimen. However, incompetent application of this regimen is the cause for the prevalent emergence of multidrug-resistant Mtb strains, which are no longer sensitive to first-line antibiotics. Furthermore, the current drug development pipeline for novel antibiotics targeting Mtb, while promising, still lacks the diversity of targets needed to introduce a variety of novel mechanisms of action. This circumstance is partly caused by the robustness of Mtb against bioactive compounds. The major reason for this is the unique, impermeable cell wall containing additional layers of mycolic acids. An alternative approach to conventional antibiotics is the adjunct application of anti-virulence drugs. These compounds target specific mycobacterial components or substrates (virulence factors) that are essential for the host cell infection by Mtb. As a result, the pathogen’s efficacy in infection is compromised and it can potentially be more easily cleared by the host. The most notable virulence factor of Mtb is the type VII secretion system ESX-1 and its substrates EsxA and EsxB. In this thesis, 60,000 compounds were tested in a medium-throughput screening for anti-Mtb activity. This screening utilized different combinatorial applications of the screening platform by combining testing for growth inhibitory activity and host cell survival (cytoprotection) during Mtb infection. This includes both conventional antibiotically active compounds as well as anti virulence compounds, which show no antibiotic activity but still exhibit cytoprotective activity against Mtb. Investigation of the genome of Mtb mutants resistant to the antibiotics revealed putative modes of action associated with cell wall biogenesis, amino acid production and the respiratory chain. One notable compound (B6) inhibited the respiratory chain and additionally demonstrated great potential for combinatorial application with the frontrunner drug Q203, due to a unique cross-resistance pattern. Furthermore, several anti-virulence compounds exhibited inhibitory activity against ESX-1. Transcriptional analysis suggests that the compound S3 boosts the efficacy of the antibiotic prodrug ethionamide, which was subsequently confirmed by synergistic activity testing. Consequent analysis of structural analogues of this compound identified two similar molecules that also inhibit ESX 1 but differ in their respective booster effect. While one analogue (S3_106) did not exert this effect, the other (S3_100) similarly enhances the efficacy of ethionamide by utilizing a different molecular pathway for prodrug activation. This thesis describes an early stage of drug discovery for two different, but potentially synergistic, classes of compounds with activity against Mtb, either antibiotic or anti-virulence. The discovered molecules and the deciphering of their modes of action show great potential and represent an important step progressing from drug discovery towards clinical application for combating multidrug-resistant Mtb.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-720154 | ||||||||
Date: | January 2024 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Zentrum für Molekulare Medizin | ||||||||
Subjects: | Life sciences | ||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 6 December 2023 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/72015 |
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