Busch, Anna ORCID: 0000-0002-5377-7150 (2024). Diversity and ecophysiology of the conjugating green algae (Zygnematophyceae), with special reference to their photoprotective strategies. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
PDF
Dissertation_Anna_Busch_KUPS.pdf Download (104MB) |
Abstract
The conjugating green algae (Zygnematophyceae) inhabit a wide range of freshwater fed systems worldwide – including lakes, rivers, ephemeral ponds and moorlands. Some species even thrive in extreme habitats, for example, on terrestrial surfaces or glacial ice. Zygnematophytes have a rather simple cellular organization and have been traditionally divided into three morphologically defined groups: the placoderm desmids (semi-symmetrical unicells with ornamented cell walls), the saccoderm desmids (rod-shaped unicells with smooth cell walls), and the filamentous forms (also with smooth cell walls). Surprisingly, the Zygnematophyceae were found to be the closest relatives of land plants (Embryophyta) – despite their rather simple organization. Since this discovery, the number of studies on zygnematophytes has increased rapidly, and they are now very popular study objects for understanding the evolution of land plants. And yet, the evolutionary relationships between major zygnematophyte groups are unclear and the zygnematophyte taxonomy is outdated. In particular, the saccoderm desmids are under-studied and consist of only a few polyphyletic genera, for example Mesotaenium and Cylindrocystis. Interestingly, these algae colonize various extreme habitats and have been reported to accumulate colorful specialized compounds, whose inducing factors, biological function and chemical identity remain largely unknown. During this doctoral study, saccoderm desmids were isolated from freshwater and terrestrial habitats, resulting in axenic laboratory cultures. Based on these cultures, the cell morphology as well as vegetative and sexual processes were studied with different microscopy techniques. In addition, established marker genes (rbcL and 18S rRNA) were used to localize the new strains in the tree of zygnematophytes by molecular phylogenetics. Furthermore, available datasets from 46 taxonomically diverse zygnematophytes were used to infer a multigene phylogeny (326 nuclear loci) of the Zygnematophyceae in a collaborative effort. To study the colorful specialized compounds, species of the two genera Ancylonema (with vacuolar pigments) and Serritaenia (with extracellular pigments) were subjected to light and nutrient experiments as well as to analytical methods. Additionally, comparative transcriptomics was employed to investigate the cellular responses of the selected zygnematophyte Serritaenia testaceovaginata to ultraviolet radiation. The morphological studies combined with the single-gene phylogenies revealed twelve distinct lineages of Mesotaenium-like algae, including four new lineages. This allowed the introduction of a provisional nomenclature to facilitate communication and highlight the diversity of these morphologically plain zygnematophytes. The well-resolved phylogenomic tree provided a clear separation of major zygnematophycean lineages and a basis for the establishment of a new five-order system for these algae. Furthermore, a new species of the genus Ancylonema, A. palustre sp. nov., was discovered and described. It is the first known mesophilic relative (from moorlands) of common glacier algae. The well growing, axenic cultures of A. palustre enabled the full reconstruction of vegetative and sexual reproductive processes as well as the experimental induction of reddish, vacuolar compounds. Another major contribution was the rediscovery of saccoderm desmids, here assigned to the new genus Serritaenia (formerly Mesotaenium), which produce pigmented extracellular mucilage. Experimental work on Serritaenia testaceovaginata provided the evidence for a sunscreening function of the pigmented mucilage. This included the specific induction by ultraviolet B radiation, a broad absorbance with a maximum in the ultraviolet B waveband, and a perfect cellular localization for shielding. The comparative RNA-seq analysis of S. testaceovaginata revealed a plant-like UVB perception system and specialized metabolite pathways (shikimate and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis) that were regulated during pigment production. Furthermore, several extracellular oxidative enzymes, which are known to act on phenolic compounds, as well as ATP-binding cassette transporters, which are known to transport phenolics across membranes, were highly upregulated in S. testaceovaginata upon UVB exposure. Together with the chemical properties of the pigmented mucilage, these results suggest a polyphenolic nature of Serritaenia's sunscreen compound. Overall, this thesis presents perspectives for studying and understanding the diversity and cellular adaptations of the saccoderm desmids from high-light habitats. In particular, the novel sunscreen strategy of Serritaenia is discussed in a broader context and compared to known sunscreen compounds from plants, cyanobacteria and fungi. Finally, the potential of combining biodiversity research and functional characterization of non-model organisms is discussed.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||
Translated title: |
|
||||||||||||||||
Translated abstract: |
|
||||||||||||||||
Creators: |
|
||||||||||||||||
URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-732971 | ||||||||||||||||
Date: | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Zoologisches Institut | ||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
||||||||||||||||
Uncontrolled Keywords: |
|
||||||||||||||||
Date of oral exam: | 8 July 2024 | ||||||||||||||||
Referee: |
|
||||||||||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/73297 |
Downloads
Downloads per month over past year
Export
Actions (login required)
View Item |