Hammel, Elzbieta Irma (2017). Segment specificity of muscular and neuronal control in insect walking. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Locomotion depends on an interplay of neuronal activity, muscle contraction, and sensory feedback. In the limbed animal, the individual legs of the different thoracic segments, as well as the individual leg segments of each leg, and their antagonistic muscles, have to be coordinated with each other. For the stick insect, it is well known that the legs of the pro-, meso- and metathoracic segments have different functions in the straight walking and turning animal (Cruse 1976, Grabowska & Godlewska et al. 2012, Gruhn et al. 2009b). Despite of this, most studies on stick insect walking focused on the mesothoracic legs and their motoneuronal output (Bässler et al. 1996, Borgmann et al. 2007, Guschlbauer et al. 2007, Fischer et al. 2001, Bucher et al. 2003, Gruhn et al. 2016). With my thesis, I wanted to contribute to increase the knowledge for other legs of the stick insect Carausius morosus. Therefore, I investigated thorax- and leg-segment specific differences on the muscular and the neuronal level. In the first part of my thesis, I used mATPase histochemistry to investigate the muscle fiber composition in the six major leg muscles, protractor and retractor coxae, levator and depressor trochanteris, and extensor and flexor tibiae for the pro-, meso-, and metathorax. I demonstrated that most of these muscles contain three different fiber types: a slow, a fast, and an intermediate contracting one. While the proportions of the fiber types differed between the individual muscles, they were mostly consistent for the three analyzed thoracic segments. The only exceptions concerned the depressor trochanteris and retractor coxae, which both had increasing percentages of slow contracting fibers towards the metathoracic segment, suggesting a greater importance of these muscles for posture and tonic force production. In the second part of my thesis, I investigated the motor output of the deafferented meso- and metathoracic leg nerves nl2 (innervates the protractor coxae), nl5 (retractor coxae), C1 (levator trochanteris), C2 (depressor trochanteris), nl3 (extensor tibiae) and of branches of the nervus cruris (flexor tibiae) during front leg turning in a reduced preparation with only two front legs left. I showed, that the neuronal activities of the mesothoracic and metathoracic protractor and retractor coxae are specific for the turning direction, and similar in both thoracic segments. The neuronal activation of the levator and depressor trochanteris, on the other hand, was independent of the turning direction, and showed small thorax-segment specific differences, with a stronger depressor trochanteris activity in the meta- than in the mesothorax. The motoneuron pools of the most distal leg joint were very variable in their motor output. The leg nerves of the extensor and flexor tibiae tended to show direction specific activity in the mesothorax, with a stronger extensor tibiae activity outside, and flexor tibiae activity inside in half of the experiments. Such a tendency was not seen in the metathoracic motoneuron pools. In the third part of my thesis, I analyzed the involvement of local central pattern generators in the thorax-segment, and leg-segment specificity of the turning related motor output. For this purpose, I activated the local CPGs using the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine in a split-bath preparation. I was able to show that the pharmacologically evoked rhythm in the respective antagonistic motoneuron pools was changed towards the activation pattern observed in control turning conditions immediately after the initiation of front leg turning. This suggests that the observed changes in motor output are mediated through influences on the local central pattern generating networks.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-73549 | ||||||||||
Date: | 20 January 2017 | ||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Zoologisches Institut | ||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 1 December 2016 | ||||||||||
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Funders: | Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung | ||||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/7354 |
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