Matic, Stanka (2016). Molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial DNA replication. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles responsible for energy conversion to form the cell’s energy currency, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), through the process of oxidative phosphorylation. In addition, mitochondria play a vital role in diverse cellular processes including apoptosis, calcium homeostasis and intracellular signalling. As a consequence, mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to numerous disorders that display variability in clinical presentation and tissue specificity. Mitochondria contain their own genome, known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and have distinct enzymes involved in mtDNA expression and maintenance. Even though the core components of the machinery necessary for mtDNA replication have been identified and reconstituted in vitro, its underlying regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. The displacement (D) loop, a triple stranded structure that is formed by premature replication termination generating the 7S DNA, likely plays an important role in the control of mammalian mtDNA replication in response to cellular bioenergetics demands. The work described in this thesis aimed to study the effects of the mitochondrial replicative helicase TWINKLE and the mitochondrial nuclease MGME1 on mtDNA replication regulation. Both of these factors were previously described to impact 7S DNA levels. The effects of TWINKLE on mtDNA levels were studied by generating Twinkle bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic mice. This TWINKLE overexpressor model showed that TWINKLE upregulation leads to an increased replication and augmented mtDNA copy number. To study the in vivo role of the MGME1 nuclease in mtDNA replication regulation, Mgme1 knockout mice were generated and analyzed. Our results show that MGME1 is not essential for mouse embryonic development and survival. This MGME1 knockout model showed mtDNA depletion, and accumulation of an 11-kb linear mtDNA fragment that spans the entire major arc of the mtDNA and is present in different mouse tissues. Interestingly, a similar linear fragment was also present in mice carrying an exonuclease deficient DNA polymerase (mtDNA mutator mice). These mice show a progeroid phenotype that is likely not driven by linear deletions as Mgme1 knockout mice do not display a premature ageing phenotype. Finally, we dissected the role of MGME1 in mtDNA replication and transcription. The lack of abortive replication events and diminished H-strand transcription termination in Mgme1 knockout mice suggests a possible role of MGME1 in the regulation of those processes at the end of the D-loop region.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-73557 | ||||||||||||
Date: | 2016 | ||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Biology > Institute for Genetics | ||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Life sciences Medical sciences Medicine |
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Date of oral exam: | 16 January 2017 | ||||||||||||
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Funders: | Max Planck Society | ||||||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/7355 |
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