Amaral Santos Costa, Diogo Manuel ORCID: 0009-0009-2971-852X (2024). Biobased Aerogels: From Lab to Technical Scale. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
PDF (PhD thesis)
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Abstract
This work is focused on the synthesis of cellulose aerogels from biomass wastes, at laboratory and technical scales. These aerogels were produced in different shapes (beads, sheets, monoliths, and fibers), and they were studied as potential thermal insulators. Unretted hemp and flax bast waste fibers were used as sources of cellulose for the synthesis of the aerogels. Commercial cellulose was used for the creation of standard aerogel samples. Laboratory scale recipes were developed to determine the influence on the aerogel’s properties of different cellulose dissolution and regeneration conditions. For dissolution, the role of time and temperature were investigated. Additionally, the influence of different acidic regeneration baths and the addition of salts to the cellulose solutions on the regeneration of cellulose were evaluated. The best synthesis recipes were chosen for upscaling and were applied using the technical scale equipment JetCutter® (beads) and the CAProLi (Cellulose Aerogel Production Line, for sheets). Different routes to coat the cellulose aerogels with lignin were tested to protect them from moisture and water absorption. The aerogel samples were characterized in their chemical composition, morphology, structure, and further properties to evaluate the influence of the synthesis parameters. Pure cellulose was extracted from bast waste fibers at a laboratory scale. This standard extraction process was shortened and it was successfully upscaled to a two-liter scale. This thesis explains how the properties of cellulose aerogels can be modified by selectively changing their synthesis. It was found that smoother cellulose gelation was achieved when weaker organic acids were used as regeneration baths. These contributed to the formation of a filigree porous structure in the aerogels which maximized their specific surface area. The pore size distribution of the aerogels could be tailored depending on the acid used. Regarding the use of salts, the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) to cellulose solutions accelerated their gelation but did not significantly modify the internal structure of the aerogel samples formed. This was due to competition between the induced faster gelation of cellulose, which produced bigger pores during the formation of the wet gel network, and the scaffold effect that occurred when the salt was removed during the washing of the wet gel. This latter trend induced the creation of smaller pores. The addition of three-sodium citrate (Na3Cit) to the cellulose solution extended its gelation time due to the organic and weak base character of the anion citrate. Concerning the dissolution of cellulose, it was achieved at -10°C under continuous stirring for 30 minutes. This faster process contributes to the scalability of the process and its industrial application. Cellulose aerogels, from commercial and biomass waste sources, were synthesized in the shape of beads, sheets, and fibers. These materials presented high porosities (over 80%), high specific surface areas (over 200 m2 g-1) and low densities (< 0.21 g cm-3), depending on the source of cellulose and the recipe followed. The aerogels created from hemp-based cellulose and commercial cellulose had similar properties for the same synthesis route. It indicated that biomass wastes were a suitable source of cellulose for the synthesis of aerogels. This was due to the close degree of polymerization (DP) between the two celluloses, which contributed to the creation of cellulose solutions of similar viscoelastic properties. The samples obtained from flax-extracted cellulose had lower specific surface areas and bigger pores due to its higher DP and therefore used less-concentrated cellulose solutions. The upscaling of the synthesis of aerogels using the CAProLi and the JetCutter® technologies was effective with little differences between samples obtained at both scales. These materials had a thermal conductivity between 37 mW m-1 K-1 and 40 mW m-1 K-1, providing space for further improvement. Lower values of thermal conductivity were obtained when less concentrated cellulose solutions were used. The use of different acidic coagulation baths or the addition of salts to the cellulose solutions had a negligible influence on this property. Lastly, it was found that soda lignin was a promising coating agent for cellulose wet gels. A maximum of 40 wt.-% reduction in water absorption for the coated aerogels was observed when a weight ratio of 1:5 lignin:cellulose wet gel (L:C) was applied, while the internal structure of the coated samples was preserved. Overall, the protocols developed in this study were integrated into a continuous technical scale industrial scheme. This approach has environmental and economic advantages compared to laboratory batch-wise synthetic routes, which can contribute to the development of the industrial aerogel market and a circular biobased value economy.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-746425 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Date: | 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Chemistry > Institute of Inorganic Chemistry | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Chemistry and allied sciences | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Date of oral exam: | 4 December 2024 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Funders: | Grant Agreement number: 956621 H2020-MSCA-ITN-2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/74642 |
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