Zhang, Bohan ORCID: 0009-0008-8277-2800
(2025).
Hydrodynamic Modelling of Swimming Bacteria at Surfaces and in Thin Film.
PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Microorganisms are unique on Earth. They employ self-propulsion to explore the en- vironment and seek nutrition. Their space exploration behavior is often considered to be hydrodynamically mediated and occurs in a regime with negligible inertial ef- fect. One of the well-studied bacteria is E. Coli which has a motility pattern called "run and tumble". E. Coli is observed to swim straight for some time (run) with rapid reorientations (tumble). E. Coli-like microswimmers can be modeled as active particles. Systems consisting of active particles are out of equilibrium, and they are common in collective phenomena such as active turbulence, motility-induced phase separation (MIPS), and swarming. Swarming is a typical phenomenon for bacteria, which can form large aggregates and migrate collectively. Swarming serves as the key to understanding physical mechanisms of biofilm formation. Many studies have considered the effects of hy- drodynamic and steric interactions between bacteria on swarming. However, most of them have been limited to small-scale simulations or experiments. We employ a simplified model of microswimmers, the squirmer model, which has been shown to have good precision in modeling for field hydrodynamics. We consider a system of squirmers within a thin film confined between two no-slip walls. The thickness of the thin film allows a free rotation of spheroidal squirmers, but constrains them to have a two-layer structure. We investigate the effect of different parameters on col- lective behavior, including volume fraction, motility types (pusher, puller, or neu- tral squirmers), and the presence of rotlet dipole, which mimics the counter-rotating flow generated by flagellated bacteria. Different structural and dynamic properties are analyzed, characterizing the behavior of the systems into different states, includ- ing gas-like phase, swarming, and motility-induced phase separation. We found that the formation of collective structures is due to an interplay between the anisotropic shape of swimmers, hydrodynamic interactions between swimmers, and the steric interaction of swimmers with the walls. Furthermore, we highlight the influence of the walls on the emergent structure, and show that the differences in collective be- havior for different swimming modes are strongly reduced by the presence of rotlet dipole. In the future, less confined or even semi-open systems to mimic the behavior of bacteria during biofilm growth should be considered. Despite the seeming simplicity of the run-and-tumble behavior, the physical mechanisms underlying are still not fully understood. We establish a detailed run- and-tumble E. Coli model, which is suspended in a fluid simulated by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD). The motility behavior is calibrated by experimental mea- surements. We investigate how different E. Coli properties, including the body and flagella geometry, flagella stiffness and actuation strength, govern the run-and-tumble behavior. The model adequately captures essential physical properties of E. Coli, such as the rotational frequency of the body and flagella, tumbling time, and tum- bling angle, which compare well to available experimental measurements. Further- more, our simulations show that the stiffness of a hook (the short part of a flagellum that connects it directly to the motor) plays a vital role in the run-and-tumble behav- ior, which has also been suggested in some experimental studies. Also, simulations of E. Coli with different numbers of flagella were performed, demonstrating that our model can represent different types of E. Coli. This detailed model helps us better understand E. Coli’s swimming behavior and allows the exploration of E. Coli loco- motion in more complex realistic environments. Furthermore, we study how E. Coli tumbling enables the bacterium to escape. As suggested by Junot et al., 2022, tumbling is the dominant escape mechanism for wild-type E. Coli which is subject to "wall entrapment" effect. We perform simu- lations using the E. Coli model confined between two no-slip walls. We collect a number of instances of successful escapes, and analyze the distribution of escape angles and the number of tumbles before escaping, which compare well with those in Junot et al., 2022. Finally, we conclude that the orientation of E. Coli body after tumbling determines its escape success. The work provides a novel way to inves- tigate in detail the behavior of flagellated swimmers under confinement. Also, it would be interesting to study the collective behavior of many swimmers using this detailed model. This thesis includes the studies of the behavior of single E. Coli-like microswim- mers and their collectives. Studies of the collective behavior of active matter con- tribute to a better understanding of biofilm formation and the origin of different col- lective states. The detailed E. Coli model developed here can be used to explore the bacterial behavior in complex systems, providing a way to characterize the effects of detailed interactions, such as body-flagella and flagella-wall interactions, which are missing in simplified models such as squirmers. Therefore, the use of the detailed model to study the collective behavior of many bacteria bring us much closer to the understanding of the formation of biofilm.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-780419 | ||||||||||||||
Date: | 2025 | ||||||||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||||||||
Divisions: | Außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen > Forschungszentrum Jülich | ||||||||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Physics Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 7 November 2024 | ||||||||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/78041 |
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