Lorenz, Jessica Sophie (2018). DNA-based biomimetics as modular tools to study reconstituted and cellular systems. PhD thesis, Universität zu Köln.
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Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the fundamental basis of virtually all living organisms. The central dogma in molecular biology refers to DNA as the carrier of the genetic information that is first being transcribed into ribonucleic acids (RNA) and further translated into proteins. This dogma has been refined, as nucleic acids were also discovered to act as structural and regulatory components within cells. In recent years, the new research field DNA nanotechnology emerged, in which DNA is used as a molecular building block, whose predictable base pairing allows the fabrication of self-assembled two- and three dimensional (2D and 3D) DNA nanostructures, which moreover can be spatially functionalized with a broad range of biomolecules on the nanometer scale. This unique feature as well as its versatility, biodegradability and low toxicity has led to great interest for various applications in a wide range of areas. Moreover, the design of DNA-based biomimetic systems has emerged as a valuable tool for systematically exploring the complexity of cells, which is also at the center of the work shown here. In the course of this work, short functional peptides were covalently attached to wire-frame DNA nanostructures as well as simple three-arm branched DNA junctions and double-stranded (ds) DNA. In a first approach, DNA tetrahedra and DNA trimers were covalently coupled to cell-penetrating peptides (CPP), which mediated a more efficient cellular uptake. Thus, it can be assumed that CPP retain their function, even when they are covalently attached to DNA, which was one of the main questions within this thesis. The second approach, comprising the main part of this dissertation, focused on the generation and in vitro characterization of the impact of synthetic actin crosslinkers on both reconstituted actin networks and cells. The precise regulation of structural and, thus, mechanical properties of living cells is essential for functionalities such as motility, stability and shape. These properties are mainly attributed to the cytoskeleton, whose main constituents are semiflexible actin filaments as well as numerous actin-binding proteins (ABP), which organize the filaments into a variety of higher order structures, e.g. networks and bundles. ABP that form transient, physical crosslinks between filaments, due to their empirical nature and complexity, do not allow straightforward, systemic studies in which different key parameters can be altered independently. To overcome this limitation, naturally occurring actin crosslinkers such as α-actinin and fascin were mimicked by synthetically fabricated crosslinkers based on DNA and peptides. These were generated through the covalent attachment of actin-binding peptides on both sides of a double-stranded DNA spacer and thus solely differed in their affinity towards filamentous actin. Bulk shear rheology experiments on reconstituted actin networks revealed that both, the weakly-binding LifeAct® crosslinker (wLX) and the strongly-binding Phalloidin crosslinker (sPX) generated the same characteristic mechanical fingerprint as the natural crosslinkers α-actinin and fascin, respectively. Moreover, they showed a concentration-dependent impact on different structural morphologies of actin networks as well as an inhibition of actin polymerization. Interestingly, these synthetic crosslinkers also interfered with intracellular systems, as crosslinker-treated cells showed several altered behaviors. Actin remodeling dynamics, as well as migration and invasion were reduced, whereas proliferation and apoptosis rates were not affected. Additionally, synthetic crosslinkers possibly impact the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which cells lose their epithelial properties and become transformed into cells with enhanced motile and invasive functions. This process comprises complex signal transduction pathways, which also depend upon the polymerization and depolymerization status of actin. A typical signature of EMT, the formation of actin criss-cross stress fibers, was suppressed in wLX-treated, EMT-induced cells, which could also be correlated to results of advanced cell mechanical measurements. However, the exact mechanism of how synthetic crosslinkers affect cellular functions still remains unclear. Further investigations are required to reveal the underlying cause, and furthermore whether they suppress EMT, in which case they could become a potential candidate for the treatment of, for instance, ocular fibrosis.
Item Type: | Thesis (PhD thesis) | ||||||||
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-79832 | ||||||||
Date: | 17 January 2018 | ||||||||
Language: | English | ||||||||
Faculty: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences | ||||||||
Divisions: | Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences > Department of Chemistry > Institute of Biochemistry | ||||||||
Subjects: | Natural sciences and mathematics Chemistry and allied sciences Life sciences |
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Date of oral exam: | 12 January 2018 | ||||||||
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Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||
URI: | http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/7983 |
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